Spatiotemporal change patterns of China's industrial VOCs emissions were explored in response to integrated air quality control policies during 2013–2019, and future emissions predicted under the two ...different scenarios targeting 2030. China's industrial VOCs emissions were decreased to 15.72 Tg in 2019, of which chemical industry, industrial painting, petroleum industry, coal-coking industry, and other industries respectively accounted for 31.0%, 23.9%, 15.6%, and 13.0%, 16.3%, after peaking at 16.40 Tg in 2016. VOC emissions from the petroleum industry and industrial painting showed a continuous increase, with emissions increasing by 0.46 Tg and 0.71 Tg. VOC emissions from the chemical industries increased by 0.91 Tg during 2013–2016 and decreased by 0.72 Tg during 2016–2019. Industrial VOCs emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong Peninsula, and Central Plain in 2019 respectively reduced by 12.0%, 3.2%, and 8.7% compared to 2013 due to stringent control measures and closure/relocation of highly polluting enterprises. By contrast, industrial VOCs emissions in the West Coast of the Strait and the Central Guizhou increased by 38.1% and 31.8% during 2013–2019. In summary, China's industrial high VOCs emission areas were shifting from key areas to its surrounding areas, resulting in little change in total VOCs emissions. The coal-coking industry, architectural painting, petroleum refining, and pharmaceutical industry will have the most considerable reduction responsibility to reduce VOCs emissions in the future. Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Zhejiang will share the highest reduction responsibility, accounting for approximately 40% of national emission reduction.
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•Spatiotemporal trends of China's industrial VOCs were analyzed during 2013–2019•China's industrial VOCs showed decreasing after peaking at 2016 with 16 Tg emissions•High industrial VOCs emission area were shifting from key areas to surrounding areas•Coking and oil refining will have the largest reduction responsibility in the future
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Various factors such as ultraviolet rays can cause a continuous threat to our skin, resulting in inflammation or oxidation problems. Ferulic acid (FA), with certain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ...properties, is widely used in many cosmetics, even used to treat various diseases in the clinic. In this study, the FA structural skeleton was used to search for FA derivatives. Then, molecular docking, the rule of five, and Veber rules were performed to virtually screen compounds that can bind to proteins with a good drug likeness. DPPH and ABTS were used to evaluate their antioxidant potency and an MTT assay was employed to investigate the toxicities of the compounds, while Griess Reaction System and ELISA were used to judge the concentration variations of NO and different inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Western blotting featured nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression levels. The trend of the intracellular changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by the DCFH-DA method and fluorescence staining. As a result, we found that the ferulic acid derivative S-52372 not only had certain scavenging effects on free radicals in biochemical experiments, but also prevented inflammation and oxidative stress in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in the cellular environment; intracellular ROS and inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6, were also suppressed. In a computer prediction, S-52372 owned better water solubility and lower toxicity than FA. This compound deserves further research to find an ideal FA derivative.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Improving the accuracy of the anthropogenic volatile
organic compound (VOC) emission inventory is essential for reducing air
pollution. In this study, we established an emission inventory of
...anthropogenic VOCs in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region of China for 2015
based on the emission factor (EF) method. Online ambient VOC
observations were conducted in one urban area of Beijing in January, April,
July, and October, which, respectively, represented winter, spring, summer,
and autumn in 2015. Furthermore, the developed emission inventory was
evaluated by a comprehensive verification system based on the measurements
and satellite retrieval results. Firstly, emissions of the individual
species of the emission inventory were evaluated according to the ambient
measurements and emission ratios versus carbon monoxide (CO). Secondly, the
source structure of the emission inventory was evaluated using source
appointment with the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model. Thirdly, the
spatial and temporal distribution of the developed emission inventory was
evaluated by a satellite-derived emission inventory. According to the
results of the emission inventory, the total anthropogenic VOC emissions in
the BTH region were 3277.66 Gg in 2015. Online measurements showed that the
average mixing ratio of VOCs in Beijing was approximately 49.94 ppbv in 2015,
ranging from 10.67 to 245.54 ppbv. The annual emissions for 51 of
56 kinds of non-methane hydrocarbon species derived from the measurements
agreed within ±100 % with the results of the emission
inventory. Based on the PMF results and the emission inventory, it is
evident that vehicle-related emissions dominate the composition of
anthropogenic VOCs in Beijing. The spatial correlation between the emission
inventory and satellite inversion result was significant (p<0.01)
with a correlation coefficient of 0.75. However, there were discrepancies
between the relative contributions of fuel combustion, emissions of
oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), and halocarbons from the measurements and
inventory. To obtain a more accurate emission inventory, we propose the
investigation of the household coal consumption, the adjustment of EFs based
on the latest pollution control policies, and the verification of the source
profiles of OVOCs and halocarbons.
Ship emissions contribute significantly to air pollution and impose health risks to residents along the coastal area. By using the refined data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), this ...study developed a highly resolved ship emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, home to three of ten busiest ports in the world. The region-wide SO2, NOX, CO, PM10, PM2.5, and VOC emissions in 2013 were estimated to be 61,484, 103,717, 10,599, 7155, 6605, and 4195t, respectively. Ocean going vessels were the largest contributors of the total emissions, followed by coastal vessels and river vessels. In terms of ship type, container ship was the leading contributor, followed by conventional cargo ship, dry bulk carrier, fishing ship, and oil tanker. These five ship types accounted for >90% of total emissions. The spatial distributions of emissions revealed that the key emission hot spots all concentrated within the newly proposed emission control area (ECA) and ship emissions within ECA covered >80% of total ship emissions in the PRD, highlighting the importance of ECA in emissions reduction in the PRD. The uncertainties of emission estimates of pollutants were quantified, with lower bounds of −24.5% to −21.2% and upper bounds of 28.6% to 33.3% at 95% confidence intervals. The lower uncertainties in this study highlighted the powerfulness of AIS data in improving ship emission estimates. The AIS-based bottom-up methodology can be used for developing and upgrading ship emission inventory and formulating effective control measures on ship emissions in other port regions wherever possible.
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•A comprehensive database with >12,000 ships information was established.•A yearlong AIS dataset was used to develop time-in-mode and spatiotemporal surrogates.•A bottom-up approach was used to estimate emissions from major ship source sectors.•The ECA region covered over 80% of the total ship emissions in the PRD region.•Application of AIS data reduced uncertainty in ship emission estimates.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
DNA topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) expression, gene alterations, and enzyme activity have been studied in various malignant tumors. Abnormal elevation of TOP2A expression is considered to be related ...to the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its association with tumor metastasis and its mode of action remains unclear. Bioinformatics, real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to detect TOP2A expression in NSCLC tissues and cells. Cell migration and invasion assays as well as cytoskeletal staining were performed to analyze the effects of TOP2A on the motility, migration and invasion ability of NSCLC cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis assays were used to verify the effects of TOP2A on apoptosis as well as cycle distribution in NSCLC. TOP2A expression was considerably upregulated in NSCLC and significantly correlated with tumor metastasis and the occurrence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in NSCLC. Additionally, by interacting with the classical ligand Wnt3a, TOP2A may trigger the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in NSCLC. These observations suggest that TOP2A promotes EMT in NSCLC by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and positively regulates malignant events in NSCLC, in addition to its significant association with tumor metastasis. TOP2A promotes the metastasis of NSCLC by stimulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and inducing EMT. This study further elucidates the mechanism of action of TOP2A, suggesting that it might be a potential therapeutic target for anti-metastatic therapy.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
PD-L1 overexpression is commonly observed in various malignancies and is strongly correlated with poor prognoses for cancer patients. Moreover, PD-L1 has been shown to play a significant role in ...promoting angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) processes across different cancer types.
The relationship between PD-L1 and vasculogenic mimicry as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was explored by bioinformatics approach and immunohistochemistry. The functions of PD-L1 in regulating the expression of ZEB1 and the EMT process were assessed by Western blotting and q-PCR assays. The impact of PD-L1 on the migratory and proliferative capabilities of A549 and H1299 cells was evaluated through wound healing, cell invasion, and CCK8 assays following siRNA-mediated PD-L1 knockdown. Tube formation assay was utilized to evaluate the presence of VM structures.
In this study, increased PD-L1 expression was observed in A549 and H1299 cells compared to normal lung epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a higher prevalence of VM structures in the PD-L1-positive group compared to the PD-L1-negative group. Additionally, high PD-L1 expression was also found to be significantly associated with advanced TNM stage and increased metastasis. Following PD-L1 knockdown, NSCLC cells exhibited a notable reduction in their ability to form tube-like structures. Moreover, the levels of key EMT and VM-related markers, including N-cadherin, MMP9, VE-cadherin, and VEGFA, were significantly decreased, while E-cadherin expression was upregulated. In addition, the migration and proliferation capacities of both cell lines were significantly inhibited after PD-L1 or ZEB1 knockdown.
Knockdown PD-L1 can inhibit ZEB1-mediated EMT, thereby hindering the formation of VM in NSCLC.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Type IIA topoisomerase (TOP2A) is significantly associated with malignant tumor development, invasion, treatment and its prognosis, and has been shown to be a therapeutic target against cancer. In ...contrast, the role of TOP2A in the immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer as well as in Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation and its potential mechanisms are unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TOP2A in proliferation, skeleton regulation, motility and VM production in non-small cell lung cancer and its mechanisms by using bioinformatics tools and molecular biology experiments. Subgroup analysis showed that the low-risk group had a better prognosis, while the high-risk group was positively correlated with high tumor mutational load, M1-type macrophage infiltration, immune checkpoint molecule expression, and immunotherapy efficacy. As confirmed by further clinical specimens, the presence of TOP2A and VM was significantly and positively correlated with poor prognosis. Our study established a model based on significant co-expression of TOP2A genes, which significantly correlated with mutational load and immunotherapy outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Further mechanistic exploration suggests that TOP2A plays an important role in immunotherapy and VM formation in NSCLC through upregulation of Wnt3a and PD-L1 expression.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Advanced absorption cycles, such as the generator-absorber heat exchange (GAX) absorption refrigeration cycle and Honigmann power cycle, are not easy to be intuitively expressed in traditional T-s or ...P-h diagram, due to their complex heat and mass coupling relationship. With 3-dimensions (3D) methods, additional information can be intuitively expressed which can motivate researchers to propose creative and novel advanced absorption cycles with complex internal heat and mass coupling. In this study, a classic high-performance branched GAX (b-GAX) was graphicly analyzed by introducing 3D methods. The b-GAX cycle was deconstructed in 3D space and reconstructed by projecting the cycle to traditional P-T and P-X plates. Implicit parameters like intermediate concentration and deflation ratio were exhibited intuitively. The performance of the system has a better linear correlation with these new parameters than operation parameters. The Honigmann progress was also graphicly expressed with the 3D methods. By extracting implicit parameters, the new method is expected to play a role in helping to understand complex thermodynamic cycles and propose advanced high-performance cycles.
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•Different categories of absorption cycles were destructed.•3D Method was used to reconstruct the GAX and Honigmann cycles.•A GAX absorption refrigeration cycle was optimized by 3D method.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
While many 3D structures of cation-coupled transporters have been determined, the mechanistic details governing the obligatory coupling and functional regulations still remain elusive. The bacterial ...melibiose transporter (MelB) is a prototype of major facilitator superfamily transporters. With a conformation-selective nanobody, we determined a low-sugar affinity inward-facing Na
-bound cryoEM structure. The available outward-facing sugar-bound structures showed that the N- and C-terminal residues of the inner barrier contribute to the sugar selectivity. The inward-open conformation shows that the sugar selectivity pocket is also broken when the inner barrier is broken. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements revealed that this inward-facing conformation trapped by this nanobody exhibited a greatly decreased sugar-binding affinity, suggesting the mechanisms for substrate intracellular release and accumulation. While the inner/outer barrier shift directly regulates the sugar-binding affinity, it has little or no effect on the cation binding, which is supported by molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, the hydron/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analyses allowed us to identify dynamic regions; some regions are involved in the functionally important inner barrier-specific salt-bridge network, which indicates their critical roles in the barrier switching mechanisms for transport. These complementary results provided structural and dynamic insights into the mobile barrier mechanism for cation-coupled symport.
Antimicrobial resistance remains a significant global threat, driving up mortality rates worldwide. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides have emerged as a promising ...source of novel peptide antibiotics due to their diverse chemical structures. Here, we report the discovery of new aminovinyl-(methyl)cysteine (Avi(Me)Cys)-containing peptide antibiotics through a synergistic approach combining biosynthetic rule-based omics mining and heterologous expression. We first bioinformatically identify 1172 RiPP biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) responsible for Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides formation from a vast pool of over 50,000 bacterial genomes. Subsequently, we successfully establish the connection between three identified BGCs and the biosynthesis of five peptide antibiotics via biosynthetic rule-guided metabolic analysis. Notably, we discover a class V lanthipeptide, massatide A, which displays excellent activity against gram-positive pathogens, including drug-resistant clinical isolates like linezolid-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.25 μg/mL. The remarkable performance of massatide A in an animal infection model, coupled with a relatively low risk of resistance and favorable safety profile, positions it as a promising candidate for antibiotic development. Our study highlights the potential of Avi(Me)Cys-containing peptides in expanding the arsenal of antibiotics against multi-drug-resistant bacteria, offering promising drug leads in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases.This study reports the genomics- and metabolomics-guided discovery of aminovinyl-(methyl-)cysteine-containing peptides (ACyP). One of these peptides, massatide A, demonstrates excellent activity against drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens.
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