Bottle-fed infants are at greater risk for overfeeding and rapid weight gain (RWG); evidence-based strategies for promoting healthy bottle-feeding practices are needed.
Our aim was to assess whether ...policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) strategies for promoting responsive bottle-feeding practices within the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) were associated with lower risk for RWG.
We conducted a matched-pair cluster randomized trial. PSE strategies were implemented at 3 WIC clinics in Los Angeles County. PSE clinics were compared with 3 matched control clinics. Mothers and infants were assessed when infants were newborn and 3 months and 6 months of age.
Participants were mothers (n = 246) who enrolled their newborn infants (younger than 60 days) into WIC between May and August 2019.
Infant weight was assessed and standardized to sex- and age-specific z scores. RWG was defined as weight-for-age z score change > 0.67. Mothers completed questionnaires assessing responsive and pressuring feeding styles, breast- and bottle-feeding patterns, and perceptions of WIC experiences.
Logistic regression with estimation via generalized estimating equations and linear mixed models with repeated measures assessed effects of PSE strategies on categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively.
Infants in PSE clinics had significantly lower likelihood of exhibiting RWG (P = .014) than infants in control clinics. Mothers in PSE and control clinics reported similar levels of responsive and pressuring feeding style and similar prevalence of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. Mothers in PSE clinics trended toward feeling better supported with respect to their decision to bottle-feed (P = .098) and had more stable intentions to stay in the WIC program (P = .002) compared with mothers in control clinics.
PSE strategies focused on promoting more inclusive assessment of infant feeding, tailored bottle-feeding counseling, and increased education and support for responsive bottle-feeding were associated with lower risk for RWG among WIC infants.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Purpose of Review
Efforts to promote children’s preferences for healthy foods hold much potential for improving diet quality and preventing obesity. The purpose of this review was to summarize recent ...evidence for associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation and child food preferences, dietary patterns, and weight outcomes.
Recent Findings
Recent research illustrates greater maternal vegetable intakes during pregnancy and lactation predict greater child preferences for and intakes of vegetables. Recent randomized clinical trials to improve maternal weight outcomes during the perinatal period via behavioral lifestyle interventions that included dietary components have yielded mixed findings for effects on child weight outcomes.
Summary
There is strong evidence that maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation shapes flavor preferences during infancy; more research is needed to understand factors that facilitate versus hinder the translation of these preferences to later dietary patterns and weight outcomes.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Demandingness and responsiveness are dimensions used in general parenting as well as the feeding literature to measure parent attitudes and behaviors. These dimensions can be treated as continuous ...variables (variable-centered) or used to form groups of parents based on scores on each dimension (person-centered). Research focusing on these dimensions in the feeding domain has relied exclusively on maternal self-reports; observational studies of feeding styles have yet to be conducted.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of variable-centered versus person-centered analyses in examining relationships between maternal feeding styles, child eating behaviors, and child weight status using both self-reported and observational methods for assessing parental feeding style.
Participants included 137 low-income Head Start mothers and their preschoolers. Mothers completed the Caregiver's Feeding Styles Questionnaire and the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Parent/child interactions were observed during dinner meals at home and were coded using a previously developed coding system.
Maternal demandingness during feeding was negatively associated with child BMI z-scores and positively associated with slowness in eating and satiety responsiveness. Maternal responsiveness was associated positively with enjoyment of food and associated negatively with food fussiness. Significant demandingness by responsiveness interactions showed that children of authoritarian mothers showed the highest levels of food fussiness and the lowest enjoyment of food. Overall, the findings were stronger for the self-report than for the observational measures and the variable-centered approach was clearly superior to the person-centered approach.
The current results indicate that for research purposes the variable-centered approach may be the most powerful for examining relationships between maternal feeding and child eating. However, for clinical purposes, the person-centered approach might be most informative.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Parents influence child weight through interactions that shape the development of child eating behaviors. In this study we examined the association between maternal autonomy promoting serving ...practices and child appetite regulation. We predicted that maternal autonomy promoting serving practices would be positively associated with child appetite regulation. Participants were low-income Latino children—a group at high risk for the development of childhood obesity. A total of 186 low-income Latina mothers and their 4–5 year old children came to a laboratory on two separate days. On the first day, mothers and children chose foods for a meal from a buffet and were audio/videotaped so that maternal autonomy promoting serving practices could be later coded. On the second day, children completed the Eating in the Absence of Hunger (EAH) task to measure child appetite regulation. Mothers also completed the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) to measure other aspects of child appetite regulation (food responsiveness, satiety responsiveness, and emotional overeating). Maternal autonomy promotion during serving was assessed using seven separate measures of child and maternal behavior. Principal components analyses of these serving measures yielded three components: allows child choice, child serves food, and mother does not restrict. Consistent with hypotheses, maternal autonomy promoting serving practices (i.e., allows child choice and does not restrict) were negatively associated with maternal reports of child food responsiveness and emotional overeating (CEBQ). The results for the EAH task were more complex—mothers who were autonomy promoting in their serving practices had children who ate the most in the absence of hunger, but this linear effect was moderated somewhat by a quadratic effect, with moderate levels of autonomy promotion during serving associated with the greatest child EAH.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
To describe the daily activities performed by children from 6 to 12 years of age incomplete and analyze children's behavior during social distancing in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
...Cross-sectional study with children in a learning stage living in Brazil. The data were collected via online form. Fisher's exact test was applied to analyze the association of categorical variables with child behavior; when significant, it was used the odds ratio. It was considered results considered statistically significant those presenting values of p < 0.05.
Data from 530 children were analyzed: 50.3% female, 71.3% from the Southeast Region, 73% in fulltime social distancing, 52% presented anxiety, which was significantly associated with changes in sleep and appetite.
The results indicate the need for parents/caretakers to stimulate moments for the child to express themselves, not minimizing their feelings and providing emotional support to mitigate the negative impact of these feelings on the child's mental and physical health.
Use of implementation science strategies to promote fidelity in the Food, Feeding, and Your Family study.
Cluster randomized controlled trial with 3 conditions: control, in-class, or online, ...delivered in English or Spanish. Observations of 20% of classes.
Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) in 2 states.
EFNEP peer educators (n = 11).
Parental feeding content incorporated into EFNEP lessons (in-class) or through text with links to videos/activities (online). Extensive educator training, scripted curriculum, frequent feedback.
Assessment of fidelity compliance. Qualitative analysis of verbatim educator interviews and classroom observer comments.
During 128 class observations (40–45 per condition), peer educators followed scripted lesson plan 78% to 89% of the time. There was no evidence of cross-contamination of parental feeding content in control and only minor sharing in online conditions. Variations with fidelity were primarily tied to the EFNEP curriculum, not the parent feeding content. Educators (n = 7) expressed favorable opinions about the Food, Feeding, and Your Family study, thought it provided valuable information, and appreciated support from EFNEP leadership.
Incorporating implementation science strategies can help ensure successful adherence to research protocols. With proper training and support, EFNEP peer educators can deliver an evidence-based curriculum as part of a complex research study.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
To develop a childhood obesity prevention program, Food, Feeding and Your Family (FFYF), which encourages eating self-regulation in young children. This article describes the research methods for ...FFYF. Activities that will be used to guide the development of the program are illustrated in a logic model.
A randomized control trial will be conducted with participant groups randomized into 1 of 3 conditions: (1) in-class delivery of feeding content and nutrition education, (2) online delivery of feeding content and in-class delivery of nutrition education, and (3) nutrition education only. Assessments will be collected at baseline, program completion, and 6 and 12 months after completion of the program.
Study will be conducted through the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in Colorado and Washington State.
Parents with 2- to 8-year-old children will be recruited from affiliated community agencies, 540 participants across both states.
FFYF derives content from an empirically validated parental feeding program, Strategies for Effective Eating Development, and will be administered with Eating Smart • Being Active, an evidence-based, nutrition education curriculum.
Parents will report on feeding practices, child eating behaviors, feeding styles, and acculturation.
Because of the nested nature of the data, multilevel analyses will be used: time points, within parents, and within groups.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Como várias cidades que se tornaram destinos para viajantes e turistas desde o advento da atividade turística, o Rio de Janeiro desde o início do século XX tem investido em se tornar uma cidade ...conhecida nacional e internacionalmente a fim de atrair mais visitantes. Tal investimento se revela através de muitas formas, diretas e indiretas, como a veiculação de visões da cidade através dos guias e mapas turísticos, crônicas literárias publicadas aqui e alhures e também algumas ações de reforma urbana que visavam atualizar a cidade e adequá-la aos gostos das modernas formas de lazer. Nesse sentido, apresentamos uma avaliação sobre a formação e transformação da imagem turística do Rio de Janeiro nas primeiras décadas do século XX a partir de guias e mapas turísticos; e refletimos sobre as imagens da cidade construídas nas representações presentes em crônicas literárias, especialmente em Aguafuertes Cariocas de Roberto Artl.
RESUMOEste trabalho avaliou tecnologias de ambientes protegidos e substratos para a produção de mudas de Dipteryx alataVog. Foram utilizados dois ambientes protegidos: telado agrícola, fechamento em ...90° graus, com tela preta nas laterais e aluminizada na cobertura, ambas de 50% de sombreamento; telado agrícola, fechamento em 45° graus, com tela preta nas laterais e cobertura, de 50% de sombreamento. Em cada ambiente foram testados substratos de mistura de esterco bovino (E) e vermiculita (V): 100% E + 0% V; 90% E + 10% V; 80% E + 20% V; 70% E + 30% V; 60% E + 40% V; 50% E + 50% V; 40% E + 60% V; 30% E + 70% V; 20% E + 80% V; 10% E + 90% V. O telado preto propiciou mudas de melhor qualidade e os substratos com baixas porcentagens de esterco (10, 20 e 30%) são os mais propícios para a formação de mudas de Dipteryx alataVog.
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