The small and remote island of Barbados seems an unlikely location for the epochal change in labor that overwhelmed it and much of British America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. ...However, by 1650 it had become the greatest wealth-producing area in the English-speaking world, the center of an exchange of people and goods between the British Isles, the Gold Coast of West Africa, and the New World. By the early seventeenth century, more than half a million enslaved men, women, and children had been transported to the island. InA New World of Labor, Simon P. Newman argues that this exchange stimulated an entirely new system of bound labor.
Free and bound labor were defined and experienced by Britons and Africans across the British Atlantic world in quite different ways. Connecting social developments in seventeenth-century Britain with the British experience of slavery on the West African coast, Newman demonstrates that the brutal white servant regime, rather than the West African institution of slavery, provided the most significant foundation for the violent system of racialized black slavery that developed in Barbados. Class as much as race informed the creation of plantation slavery in Barbados and throughout British America. Enslaved Africans in Barbados were deployed in radically new ways in order to cultivate, process, and manufacture sugar on single, integrated plantations. This Barbadian system informed the development of racial slavery on Jamaica and other Caribbean islands, as well as in South Carolina and then the Deep South of mainland British North America. Drawing on British and West African precedents, and then radically reshaping them, Barbados planters invented a new world of labor.
publCIF is an application designed for creating, editing and validating crystallographic information files (CIFs) that are used in journal publication. It validates syntax and dictionary‐defined data ...attributes through internal routines, and also provides a web interface to the checkCIF service of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr), which provides a full crystallographic analysis of the structural data. The graphical interface allows users to edit the CIF either in its `raw' ASCII form (using a text editor with context‐sensitive data validation and input facilities) or as a formatted representation of a structure report (using a word‐processing environment), as well as via a number of convenience tools (e.g. spreadsheet representations of looped data). Beyond file and data validation, publCIF provides access to resources to facilitate preparation of a structure report (e.g. databases of author details, experimental data, standard references etc., either distributed with the program or collected during its use), along with tools for reference parsing, spell checking, structure visualization and image management. publCIF was commissioned by the IUCr, both as free software for authors and as a tool for in‐house journal production; the tool for authors is described here. Binary distributions for Linux, MacOS and Windows operating systems are available.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Comprehensive measurement of neural activity remains challenging due to the large numbers of neurons in each brain area. We used volumetric two-photon imaging in mice expressing GCaMP6s and nuclear ...red fluorescent proteins to sample activity in 75% of superficial barrel cortex neurons across the relevant cortical columns, approximately 12,000 neurons per animal, during performance of a single whisker object localization task. Task-related activity peaked during object palpation. An encoding model related activity to behavioral variables. In the column corresponding to the spared whisker, 300 layer (L) 2/3 pyramidal neurons (17%) each encoded touch and whisker movements. Touch representation declined by half in surrounding columns; whisker movement representation was unchanged. Following the emergence of stereotyped task-related movement, sensory representations showed no measurable plasticity. Touch direction was topographically organized, with distinct organization for passive and active touch. Our work reveals sparse and spatially intermingled representations of multiple tactile features. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Exceptional performance claims for electrodes used in batteries and electrochemical capacitors often fail to hold up when all device components are included.
A dramatic expansion of research in the ...area of electrochemical energy storage (EES) during the past decade has been driven by the demand for EES in handheld electronic devices, transportation, and storage of renewable energy for the power grid (
1
–
3
). However, the outstanding properties reported for new electrode materials may not necessarily be applicable to performance of electrochemical capacitors (ECs). These devices, also called supercapacitors or ultra-capacitors (
4
), store charge with ions from solution at charged porous electrodes. Unlike batteries, which store large amounts of energy but deliver it slowly, ECs can deliver energy faster (develop high power), but only for a short time. However, recent work has claimed energy densities for ECs approaching (
5
) or even exceeding that of batteries. We show that even when some metrics seem to support these claims, actual device performance may be rather mediocre. We will focus here on ECs, but these considerations also apply to lithium (Li)—ion batteries.
Full text
Available for:
BFBNIB, NMLJ, NUK, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The adoptive transfer of T cells that have been genetically modified to express a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is effective for treating human B cell malignancies. However, the ...persistence of functional CD19 CAR T cells causes sustained depletion of endogenous CD19+ B cells and hypogammaglobulinemia. Thus, there is a need for a mechanism to ablate transferred T cells after tumor eradication is complete to allow recovery of normal B cells. Previously, we developed a truncated version of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRt) that is coexpressed with the CAR on the T cell surface. Here, we show that targeting EGFRt with the IgG1 monoclonal antibody cetuximab eliminates CD19 CAR T cells both early and late after adoptive transfer in mice, resulting in complete and permanent recovery of normal functional B cells, without tumor relapse. EGFRt can be incorporated into many clinical applications to regulate the survival of gene-engineered cells. These results support the concept that EGFRt represents a promising approach to improve safety of cell-based therapies.
Freedom Seekers: Escaping from Slavery in Restoration
London reveals the hidden stories of enslaved and bound people
who attempted to escape from captivity in England's capital.
In 1655 White ...Londoners began advertising in the
English-speaking world's first newspapers for enslaved people who
had escaped. Based on the advertisements placed in these newspapers
by masters and enslavers offering rewards for so-called runaways,
this book brings to light for the first time the history of slavery
in England as revealed in the stories of resistance by enslaved
workers. Featuring a series of case-studies of individual
"freedom-seekers", this book explores the nature and significance
of escape attempts as well as detailing the likely routes and
networks they would take to gain their freedom.
The book demonstrates that not only were enslaved people present
in Restoration London but that White Londoners of this era were
intimately involved in the construction of the system of racial
slavery, a process that traditionally has been regarded as
happening in the colonies rather than the British Isles. An
unmissable and important book that seeks to delve into Britain's
colonial past.
Securing our energy future is the most important problem that humanity faces in this century. Burning fossil fuels is not sustainable, and wide use of renewable energy sources will require a ...drastically increased ability to store electrical energy. In the move toward an electrical economy, chemical (batteries) and capacitive energy storage (electrochemical capacitors or supercapacitors) devices are expected to play an important role. This Account summarizes research in the field of electrochemical capacitors conducted over the past decade. Overall, the combination of the right electrode materials with a proper electrolyte can successfully increase both the energy stored by the device and its power, but no perfect active material exists and no electrolyte suits every material and every performance goal. However, today, many materials are available, including porous activated, carbide-derived, and templated carbons with high surface areas and porosities that range from subnanometer to just a few nanometers. If the pore size is matched with the electrolyte ion size, those materials can provide high energy density. Exohedral nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes and onion-like carbon, can provide high power due to fast ion sorption/desorption on their outer surfaces. Because of its higher charge–discharge rates compared with activated carbons, graphene has attracted increasing attention, but graphene had not yet shown a higher volumetric capacitance than porous carbons. Although aqueous electrolytes, such as sodium sulfate, are the safest and least expensive, they have a limited voltage window. Organic electrolytes, such as solutions of N(C2H5)4BF4 in acetonitrile or propylene carbonate, are the most common in commercial devices. Researchers are increasingly interested in nonflammable ionic liquids. These liquids have low vapor pressures, which allow them to be used safely over a temperature range from −50 °C to at least 100 °C and over a larger voltage window, which results in a higher energy density than other electrolytes. In situ characterization techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) have improved our understanding of the electrical double layer in confinement and desolvation of ions in narrow pores. Atomisitic and continuum modeling have verified and guided these experimental studies. The further development of materials and better understanding of charged solid-electrolyte interfaces should lead to wider use of capacitive energy storage at scales ranging from microelectronics to transportation and the electrical grid. Even with the many exciting results obtained using newer materials, such as graphene and nanotubes, the promising properties reported for new electrode materials do not directly extrapolate to improved device performance. Although thin films of nanoparticles may show a very high gravimetric power density and discharge rate, those characteristics will not scale up linearly with the thickness of the electrode.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Recent studies have identified mucosal healing on endoscopy as a key prognostic parameter in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), thus highlighting the role of endoscopy for ...monitoring of disease activity in IBD. In fact, mucosal healing has emerged as a key treatment goal in IBD that predicts sustained clinical remission and resection-free survival of patients. The structural basis of mucosal healing is an intact barrier function of the gut epithelium that prevents translocation of commensal bacteria into the mucosa and submucosa with subsequent immune cell activation. Thus, mucosal healing should be considered as an initial event in the suppression of inflammation of deeper layers of the bowel wall, rather than as a sign of complete healing of gut inflammation. In this systematic review, the clinical studies on mucosal healing are summarised and the effects of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs such as 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, azathioprine, ciclosporin and anti-TNF antibodies (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, infliximab) on mucosal healing are discussed. Finally, the implications of mucosal healing for subsequent clinical management in patients with IBD are highlighted.
The noninvasive continuous analysis of human sweat is of great significance for improved healthcare diagnostics and treatment in the future, for which a wearable potentiometry-based ion-selective ...electrode (ISE) has attracted increasing attention, particularly involving ion detection. Note that traditional solid-state ISE electrodes are rigid ion-to-electron transducers that are not conformal to soft human skin and cannot function under stretched states. Here, we demonstrated that vertically aligned mushroom-like gold nanowires (v-AuNW) could serve as stretchable and wearable ion-to-electron transducers for multiplexed, in situ potentiometric analysis of pH, Na+, and K+ in sweat. By modifying v-AuNW electrodes with polyaniline, Na ionophore X, and a valinomycin-based selective membrane, we could specifically detect pH, Na+, and K+, respectively, with high selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. Importantly, the electrochemical performance could be maintained even under 30% strain and during stretch-release cycles without the need of extrinsic structural design. Furthermore, our stretchable v-AuNW ISEs could be seamlessly integrated with a flexible printed circuit board, enabling wireless on-body detection of pH, Na+, and K+ with fast response and negligible cross-talk, indicating considerable promise for noninvasive wearable sweat analysis.
Full text
Available for:
IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Clinical and epidemiologic data in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have accrued rapidly since the outbreak, but few address the underlying pathophysiology.
To ascertain the physiologic, hematologic, ...and imaging basis of lung injury in severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
Clinical, physiologic, and laboratory data were collated. Radiologic (computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography
= 39 and dual-energy CT DECT,
= 20) studies were evaluated: observers quantified CT patterns (including the extent of abnormal lung and the presence and extent of dilated peripheral vessels) and perfusion defects on DECT. Coagulation status was assessed using thromboelastography.
In 39 consecutive patients (male:female, 32:7; mean age, 53 ± 10 yr range, 29-79 yr; Black and minority ethnic,
= 25 64%), there was a significant vascular perfusion abnormality and increased physiologic dead space (dynamic compliance, 33.7 ± 14.7 ml/cm H
O; Murray lung injury score, 3.14 ± 0.53; mean ventilatory ratios, 2.6 ± 0.8) with evidence of hypercoagulability and fibrinolytic "shutdown". The mean CT extent (±SD) of normally aerated lung, ground-glass opacification, and dense parenchymal opacification were 23.5 ± 16.7%, 36.3 ± 24.7%, and 42.7 ± 27.1%, respectively. Dilated peripheral vessels were present in 21/33 (63.6%) patients with at least two assessable lobes (including 10/21 47.6% with no evidence of acute pulmonary emboli). Perfusion defects on DECT (assessable in 18/20 90%) were present in all patients (wedge-shaped,
= 3; mottled,
= 9; mixed pattern,
= 6).
Physiologic, hematologic, and imaging data show not only the presence of a hypercoagulable phenotype in severe COVID-19 pneumonia but also markedly impaired pulmonary perfusion likely caused by pulmonary angiopathy and thrombosis.
PDF
