Increased demand for a carbon-neutral sustainable energy scheme augmented by climatic threats motivates the design and exploration of novel approaches that reserve intermittent solar energy in the ...form of chemical bonds in molecules and materials. In this context, inspired by biological processes, artificial photosynthesis has garnered significant attention as a promising solution to convert solar power into chemical fuels from abundantly found H2O. Among the two redox half-reactions in artificial photosynthesis, the four-electron oxidation of water according to 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e– comprises the major bottleneck and is a severe impediment toward sustainable energy production. As such, devising new catalytic platforms, with traditional concepts of molecular, materials and biological catalysis and capable of integrating the functional architectures of the natural oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II would certainly be a value-addition toward this objective. In this review, we discuss the progress in construction of ideal water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), starting with the ingenuity of the biological design with earth-abundant transition metal ions, which then diverges into molecular, supramolecular and hybrid approaches, blurring any existing chemical or conceptual boundaries. We focus on the geometric, electronic, and mechanistic understanding of state-of-the-art homogeneous transition-metal containing molecular WOCs and summarize the limiting factors such as choice of ligands and predominance of environmentally unrewarding and expensive noble-metals, necessity of high-valency on metal, thermodynamic instability of intermediates, and reversibility of reactions that create challenges in construction of robust and efficient water oxidation catalyst. We highlight how judicious heterogenization of atom-efficient molecular WOCs in supramolecular and hybrid approaches put forth promising avenues to alleviate the existing problems in molecular catalysis, albeit retaining their fascinating intrinsic reactivities. Taken together, our overview is expected to provide guiding principles on opportunities, challenges, and crucial factors for designing novel water oxidation catalysts based on a synergy between conventional and contemporary methodologies that will incite the expansion of the domain of artificial photosynthesis.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Long-term treatment of Isoniazid (INH) in tuberculosis (TB) patients can lead to anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. To understand the mechanism of hepatotoxicity, an attempt has been made ...to elucidate the role of Nrf2, a transcription factor induced by oxidative stress, in INH induced apoptosis liver cancer cell lines.
Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was performed by flow cytometry. mRNA and protein expression of various genes involves in INH induced toxicity was evaluated via Real-time PCR and western blot analysis respectively. Differential protein expression was performed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by identification using MALDI TOF/TOF.
INH induced ROS and apoptosis in HepG2 as well as THLE-2 cells. Nuclear damage was also observed by INH treatment in HepG2 cells. Expression of apoptotic (Cytochrome C and Caspase 9) and antioxidative (Keap1 and Nrf2) genes were observed to increase. INH induced PKCδ phosphorylation and released Nrf2 from its inhibitor Keap1 in the cytoplasm of HepG2 cells. However, over-expression of Nrf2 did not affect nuclear Nrf2 protein level as well as its downstream target NQO1. Nrf2 importer, Karyopherin β1 level was observed to decrease in HepG2 as well as THLE-2 cells following INH treatment.
These findings suggest that INH prevented Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus by inhibiting its importer Karyopherin β1. Therefore Nrf2 might not able to bind ARE sequences from inducing antioxidative response for protecting the cells undergoing apoptosis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19), a viral infection pandemic, arises due to easy human-to-human transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 causes ...severe respiratory disorders and other life-threatening diseases (during/post-infection) such as black mold disease, diabetes, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders/diseases. COVID-19 infection emerged challenging to control as SARS-CoV-2 transmits through respiratory droplets (> 10 µm size range), aerosols (< 5 µm), airborne, and particulate matter (PM1.0 PM2.5 and PM10.0). SARS-CoV-2 is more infective in indoor premises due to aerodynamics where droplets, aerosols, and PM1.0/2.5/10.0 float for a longer time and distance leading to a higher probability of it entering upper and lower respiratory tracts. To avoid human-to-human transmission, it is essential to trap and destroy SARS-CoV-2 from the air and provide virus-free air that will significantly reduce indoor viral exposure concerns. In this process, an efficient nano-enable photoelectrochemical oxidation (PECO, a destructive approach to neutralize bio-organism) assisted air purification is undoubtedly a good technological choice. This technical perspective explores the role of PECO-assisted Air-Purifiers (i.e., Molekule as a focus example for proof-of-concept) to trap and destroy indoor microorganisms (bacteria and viruses including Coronaviruses), molds, and allergens, and other indoor air pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and PM1.0/2.5/10.0. It is observed through various standard and non-standard tests that stimuli-responsive nanomaterials coated filter technology traps and destroys microbial particles. Due to technological advancements according to premises requirements and high-performance desired outcomes, Molekule air purifiers, Air Pro Air -Rx, Air Mini, and Air Mini+, have received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance as a Class II medical device for the destruction of bacteria and viruses.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Measles remains a critical public health concern causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the success of measles vaccination programs, challenges persist, particularly in India. ...This study investigates dose-wise measles vaccination coverage and explores gaps in immunization focusing on zero-dose, one-dose, and two-dose coverage among children aged 24–35 months.
The National Family Health Survey 2019–21 (NFHS-5) served as the data source and the study analyzed information from 43,864 children aged 24–35 months. Sociodemographic variables such as birth order, wealth quintile, gender, social group, religion, residence, mother education, delivery-related factors, and media exposure were considered. Statistical analysis involved weighted estimates, chi-square tests, and multivariate multinomial logistic regression.
The study revealed that challenges persist in achieving optimal measles vaccination coverage. Analysis by sociodemographic factors highlighted disparities in coverage, with variations in zero dose prevalence across states and districts. The percentage of zero-dose children was significantly higher, with 11.5% of children in India remaining to receive any measles vaccination. Factors influencing vaccine coverage include birth order, age, wealth quintile, social group, religion, residence, maternal education, place of delivery, media exposure, and mode of delivery. The findings from the spatial analysis show the clustering of zero-dose children is high in the northeastern states of India.
Measles zero-dose children pose a significant obstacle to achieving elimination goals. Spatial analysis identifies clusters of unvaccinated populations guiding targeted interventions. The study aligns with global initiatives such as the Immunization Agenda 2030 emphasizing equitable vaccine access and discusses how India can tailor its strategies to achieve the goal. Lessons from polio eradication efforts inform strategies for measles elimination, stressing the importance of high-quality data and surveillance. The study underscores the urgency of addressing last-mile measles vaccination gaps in India. Spatially targeted interventions informed by sociodemographic factors can enhance immunization coverage. Achieving measles elimination requires sustained efforts and leveraging lessons from successful vaccination campaigns. The study findings have the potential to contribute to informed decision-making, supporting India's roadmap for the measles and rubella elimination goal.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Sugarcane is a multi-purpose crop. The capability of sugarcane crop to sequestrate carbon into soil and plant is of great importance. Under this study the carbon sequestration in planted sugarcane ...and their rhizospheric soil under different nutrient management practices was assessed. As IPCC reported, that the rising temperature of earth surface resulted of GHGs emission which causes global warming. In order to stabilize the global temperature, the anthropogenic CO2 has to be mitigated to a significant level and the surplus atmospheric CO2 in plants and soil has to be sunk, under this circumstance, sugarcane cultivation plays pivotal role in utilising CO2 since it is a C4 plant having high efficiency of utilising CO2 during photosynthesis. There is another intervention might be enhancing the CO2 capture by changing the nutrient management practices which enhances chlorophyll synthesis by the way of increasing nitrogen efficiency in sugarcane. The different treatment composition enhances photosynthesis where more CO2 has been captured. Thus the sugarcane crop and rhizospheric soils act as important carbon sinks in decarbonisation of atmosphere that ultimately reduces carbon level and causes the global cooling. Soil Properties and Carbon Storage: The results showed that soil physical properties and chemical properties were significantly differed among treatments due to application of different organic amendments over control. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was analysed which ranges from 0.47 to 0.67%. The different organic amendments treatments had a considerable effect on soil bulk density and porosity with significant improvement in soil carbon storage. Plant Carbon Storage: The carbon stocks in different sugarcane plant parts, including roots, shoots and leaves were significantly different. The highest amount of carbon stock was found in leaves (877.08 kg ha-1) under T6 followed by roots (668.74 kg ha-1) in T2 and carbon stock in shoots (422.77 kg ha-1) in T5 showing that 30.41% and 107.58% more carbons were stored in the leaves as compared to the roots and shoots while in roots 58.18% more carbon stored in comparison to shoots. The total carbon storage in sugarcane biomass including aboveground parts and belowground part i.e. roots, in different treatment was significantly different. The mean value of carbon stored in the aboveground parts (leaves and stalks) was significantly higher (1239.65 kg ha-1) than that of underground plant part (621.73 kg ha-1) (roots). The results showed that the sugarcane farming practices have promising effect for carbon sequestration and consequently enhancing the mitigation of climate change impacts.
The resource use-efficiency of soybean production has been computed using primary data collected from 120 soybean growers spread over two blocks each from two selected district Vidisha and Ujjain of ...Madhya Pradesh. The Use of “DEA” as an analysis method was adopted for this work. The study revealed that the mean technical efficiency of soybean crop regarding most of the farmers were found to be 69 percent which indicated that production of crop may further be raised by 31 percent with available technology. The allocative efficiency of the mean estimated as 0.69, indicating that indicated that the farmers could be minimize cost by 31 percent through using optimum combination of inputs keeping in mind their prices while selecting their quantities. The cost efficiency asserted that farmers may be reduce their overall cost of soybean production up to 73 percent to harvesting the existing level of output at least cost. Undoubtedly, the export of soybean from the state has increased during the period of investigation. Therefore, efficiency measures highlight considerable scope to enhance resource uses by least cost processing through use of appropriate quality combination of inputs and output. The study has also suggested that some measures to increase productivity and income of the farmers in the study area.
Background and Aims: Patients undergoing breast cancer surgeries face significant post-operative pain. We aimed to compare pectoral nerve (PECS) block with erector spinae (ESP) block in these ...patients in terms of analgesic efficacy and adverse effects. Methods: Sixty four American Society of Anesthesiologists' status I and II female patients between age 18 to 60 years scheduled for unilateral modified radical mastectomy (MRM) under general anaesthesia, were enrolled in this prospective randomised study. Patients in group I received ultrasound guided (USG) ESP block (20 cc 0.2% ropivacaine) while group II received USG guided PECS II block (25 cc 0.2% ropivacaine). General anaesthesia was administered in a standardised manner to both the groups. The various parameters observed included sensory blockade, duration of analgesia and any adverse effects. The primary outcome was the total morphine consumption in 24 hours. Results: The total morphine consumption in 24 hours was less in group II (4.40 ± 0.94 mg), compared to group I (6.59 ± 1.35 mg; P = 0.000). The mean duration of analgesia in patients of group II was 7.26 ± 0.69 hours while that in the group I was 5.87 ± 1. 47 hours (P value = 0.001). 26 patients in group II (PECS) had blockade of T2 as compared to only 10 patients in group I. (P value = 0.00). There was no incidence of adverse effects in either group. Conclusion: PECS II block is a more effective block when compared to ESP block in patients of MRM in terms of postoperative analgesia and opioid consumption.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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