Macrophages play a dual role in tumor initiation and progression, with both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive effects; hence, it is essential to understand the distinct responses of macrophages ...to tumor progression and therapy. Mild hyperthermia has gained importance as a therapeutic regimen against cancer due to its immunogenic nature, efficacy, and potential synergy with other therapies, yet the response of macrophages to molecular signals from hyperthermic cancer cells has not yet been clearly defined. Due to limited response rate of breast cancer to conventional therapeutics the development, and understanding of alternative therapies like hyperthermia is pertinent. In order to determine conditions corresponding to mild thermal dose, cytotoxicity of different hyperthermic temperatures and treatment durations were tested in normal murine macrophages and breast cancer cell lines. Examination of exosome release in hyperthermia-treated cancer cells revealed enhanced efflux and a larger size of exosomes released under hyperthermic stress. Exposure of naïve murine macrophages to exosomes released from 4T1 and EMT-6 cells posthyperthermia treatment, led to an increased expression of specific macrophage activation markers. Further, exosomes released by hyperthermia-treated cancer cells had increased content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Together, these results suggest a potential immunogenic role for exosomes released from cancer cells treated with mild hyperthermia.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives: Brachial plexus, is a nerve plexus, that supplies the upper limb. Very few studies have been conducted in the fetus to know its pattern of variations. Therefore, this study aimed to ...identify the variations in the brachial plexus in human fetuses. Materials and method: Twenty-five formalin-fixed human fetuses were dissected bilaterally and the variations in the roots, trunks, cords and branches were identified. Results: Out of the fifty brachial plexuses studied, thirty-five plexuses were normal and fifteen showed variations. Among the fifteen variant plexuses, more number of variations were seen in the median nerve branch of the lateral cord of brachial plexus. These variations in the fetuses show that the adult pattern of variations are pre-determined in the embryological life. Conclusion: Therefore, these variations are of clinical importance for the clinicians and surgeons performing surgeries in the region of the axilla and in the upper limb.
Environmental toxins are known to have many impacts on growth and development in humans, starting in utero. Alterations in amelogenesis, caused by chemical and physical trauma that occur during the ...antenatal, perinatal and postnatal time periods, may result in developmental defects in deciduous and permanent tooth enamel, as demonstrated in animal studies. These defects can be clinically visible and result in a variety of morphological and functional problems in the dentition. Since enamel does not remodel after formation, it may serve as a permanent record of insults during organ development.Our primary purpose was to investigate any possible relationship between intrauterine exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (phenols and phthalates) and developmental defects in enamel in children, while also accounting for fluoride exposure. Our secondary purpose was to report descriptively on findings from comprehensive dental examinations performed on 356 children that were drawn from the general paediatric population. A cohort of children from the Utah Children's Project (N = 356) that had full medical exams, comprehensive medical and family histories and available biospecimens were given extraoral and intraoral examinations. They also completed an oral health questionnaire. Standardized intraoral photographs were taken of the teeth and viewed by standardised examiners and the dental observations were recorded for a full inventory of findings, including: tooth morphology, caries, restorations, colorations, attrition, erosion, fractures and hypomineralization. Perinatal maternal urine samples were assessed for the concentration of fluoride, phenols and phthalates, including bisphenol A (BPA).Pairwise statistical analyses were done to correlate the dental findings with one another and with the presence of environment chemicals found in the urine samples. Hypomineralization was the most common finding (96% of children; 37% of deciduous teeth, 42% of permanent teeth), consistent with molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) described in other human populations. No consistent correlations were seen between dental findings and the presence of phenols and phthalates in prenatal urine, but the number of samples available for the assessment was limited (n = 35).In conclusion, we found a high proportion of dental hypomineralization in a population based paediatric cohort, but did not find an association with prenatal exposure to phenols and phthalates.
Abstract
Introduction
McArdle's disease (glycogen storage disease type V) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase ...(PYGM). Characteristic symptoms include exercise intolerance, myalgia, muscle stiffness. Approximately half develop rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and renal failure. Hypoglycemia is an uncommon presenting symptom.
Case report
A 36-year-old male, previous college football athlete presented with jitteriness and blurry vision while exercising over the last one year. Symptoms occur 12-15 minutes into aerobic exercise. Fingerstick blood sugar during these episodes were as low as 30 mg/dl and afterwards the patient reported fatigue all day long. Consuming high carbohydrate foods and fluids supplemented with dextrose prior to exercise mitigate his symptoms. He reported no fasting hypoglycemia. Retrospectively, the patient reports that for years he noticed feeling fatigued a few minutes into starting exerice which improves after short periods of rest "second wind phenomenon." He can perform heavy resistance exercise like weightlifting but struggles with sustained aerobic activity. Past medical history is significant for HLA B27 positivity, alopecia areata and uveitis. Medications include multivitamin and creatine supplements. Physical exam revealed a healthy, well developed muscular individual with no other remarkable findings. Family history is significant for McArdle's disease in his brother, diagnosed at age 20 based on a muscle biopsy after multiple episodes of rhabdomyolysis. Grandfather had diabetes mellitus and pancreatic carcinoma. Labs revealed a creatine kinase (CK) level of 1638.7 U/L (49-397 U/L), CK-MB 49.1 ((0.1-5.9 ng/ml), 8 AM morning cortisol of 12.3 ug/dl (4.2-22.4 ug/dl), A1c 5.3%. There was no myoglobinuria. Thyroid function tests were within normal limits. Investigations done during an episode of exercise induced hypoglycemia - fingerstick blood sugar 44 mg/dl, plasma blood glucose 56 mg/dl(65-99 mg/dl), Insulin <0.5 mU/L(3-25mU/l), C-Peptide 0.5ng/ml(1.1-4.4ng/ml), Proinsulin 1.1 pmol/L(0-10. 0 pmol/L). Insulin autoantibody was negative. This ruled out exercise induced hyperinsulinemia. IGF-1 and IGF-2 levels were normal. Genetic study performed by the Glycogen Storage Disease Panel showed PYGM c.2262del (p. Lys754Asnfs*49), Pathogenic, PYGM c.1537A>G (p. Ile513Val), Uncertain Significance, PYGM c.833G>C (p. Arg278Pro), Uncertain Significance. Subsequently, the patient's brother underwent genetic testing, which confirmed the presence of all three before-mentioned PYGM variants. His father was found to carry the two variants of undetermined significance, suggesting that the patient and his brother inherited the pathogenic variant from their deceased mother.
Discussion
The patient's medical history, along with his personal and family's genetic findings were found to be consistent with McArdle's disease. Our patient's presentation is unique in that his exercise tolerance is much higher as compared to most individuals with McArdle's and his presenting complaint was hypoglycemia. Additionally, one of the variants of uncertain significance is likely to be recognized as pathogenic in the future.
Presentation: No date and time listed
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is the technology act as a interface between the brain and an external device. It converts the signals emitted by the CNS of the brain to artificial output to be ...understood by the computer. This technology will be most useful to the severely disabled individual or people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brainstem stroke, or any spinal cord injury and thus are impaired of tier ability to communicate and physical functioning. With the fast-paced development and interest of various top-notch companies in this arena due to its positive future Efforts have begun recently to provide safe and secure BCI systems to severely disabled individuals to make their lives easier. In this paper, we will know about BCI , its basic functioning. We will also discuss its clinical application, p300 speller, and its potential for future. Lastly expectation from the future.
Irregularities in nuclear shape and/or alterations to nuclear size are a hallmark of malignancy in a broad range of cancer types. Though these abnormalities are commonly used for diagnostic purposes ...and are often used to assess cancer progression in the clinic, the mechanisms through which they occur are not well understood. Nuclear size alterations in cancer could potentially arise from aneuploidy, changes in osmotic coupling with the cytoplasm, and perturbations to nucleocytoplasmic transport. Nuclear shape changes may occur due to alterations to cell-generated mechanical stresses and/or alterations to nuclear structural components, which balance those stresses, such as the nuclear lamina and chromatin. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying abnormal nuclear morphology and size may allow the development of new therapeutics to target nuclear aberrations in cancer.
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Our aim is to develop a hydrogel-based scaffold containing porous microchannels that mimic complex tissue microarchitecture and provide physical cues to guide cell growth for ...scalable, cost-effective tissue repair. These hydrogels are patterned through the novel process of magnetic templating where magnetic alginate microparticles (MAMs) are dispersed in a hydrogel precursor and aligned in a magnetic field before hydrogel crosslinking and subsequent MAM degradation, leaving behind an aligned, porous architecture. Here, a protocol for fabricating uniform MAMs using microfluidics was developed for improved reproducibility and tunability of templated microarchitecture. Through iron quantification, we find that this approach allows control over magnetic iron oxide loading of the MAMs. Using Brownian dynamics simulations and nano-computed tomography of templated hydrogels to examine MAM chain length and alignment, we find agreement between simulated and measured areal densities of MAM chains. Oscillatory rheology and stress relaxation experiments demonstrate that magnetically templated microchannels alter bulk hydrogel mechanical properties. Finally, in vitro studies where rat Schwann cells were cultured on templated hydrogels to model peripheral nerve injury repair demonstrate their propensity for providing cell guidance along the length of the channels. Our results show promise for a micro-structured biomaterial that could aid in tissue repair applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EIBF) reduces neonatal mortality up to three times, particularly in preterm and low-birth weight infants. Existing Lactation Support Program (LSP) of the ...institute tackles breastfeeding-related issues to achieve EIBF as early as possible for all delivered healthy infants. LSP was reformed by introducing new policy in February 2021 to achieve EIBF <1 hour in all healthy delivered neonates.
Aim
The aim of the study was to study the efficacy of new lactation policy of LSP on rates of EIBF and time to attain the first breastfeeding in late preterm neonates of gestational age 35+0 weeks -36+6 weeks.
Method
A ‘before-and-after’ design was used to study the effect of the new policy on EIBF at a tertiary care institute in India from January 2018 to March 2023. Impact was assessed by comparing baseline data in pre-policy (group A) with that of new policy (group B).
Result
Among 417 babies included, 336 and 81 belonged to group A and B, respectively. EIBF rates were 42% and 99% in group A and group B, respectively (p < .0001). Median time to initiate EIBF was 100 min IQR 85–117 in group A compared to 26 minutes IQR 19–37 in group B (p < .0001).
Conclusion
Lactation support program is an invaluable key practice for attainment of EIBF. Through simple measures, significant improvement in EIBF was possible in healthy late preterm population. This LSP can be considered as ideal model to be adapted at national level to improvise EIBF.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
In today's modern lifestyle, characterised by a sedentary routine, the prevalence of chronic diseases among individuals has increased significantly. Juggling a 9-5 job, family responsibilities, and ...social commitments leaves little time for commuting to a gym regularly. As a result, more people are opting to exercise at home, leveraging the convenience of having fitness resources available through their handheld devices. This shift towards home workouts is facilitated by the remarkable advancements in technology.
Using Different innovative approaches leverage the power of deep learning algorithms to analyse exercise routines and classify different types of workouts. Through computer vision, the system can process visual information from workout videos, enabling the recognition and understanding of various body movements, postures, and exercise techniques. This provides users with valuable insights and feedback on their performance, ensuring that they are executing exercises correctly and effectively.
The integration of deep learning, computer vision, and image processing technologies offers immense potential in the field of exercise analysis and classification. Consistently performing an exercise improperly may result in significant long-term injury. We propose a method to assess the user's body posture during a workout and compare it to a professional's reference work out to assist address this problem and provide visual feedback while conducting a workout. To detect faults and deliver remedial action to the user, we model the human body as a collection of limbs and assess angles between limb pairs. Our system builds on the latest advancements using deep learning for human body pose estimation.
Abstract
Introduction: X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) type Nascimento is a rare, under-diagnosed genetic disorder caused by intragenic mutations in the UBE2A gene. The syndrome was first ...described in 2006 by Nascimento et el. It is characterized by intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, skin anomalies, hypotonia, impaired speech, and seizures. To date, there is no literature to suggest that it affects glucose homeostasis.
Case: A 63-year-old male with a history of XLID (mutation in UBE2A pL112P variant), seizures, dementia, stage II CKD, polycystic kidneys, and hyperkalemia presented to the emergency department with altered mental status and blood glucose (BG) of 22 mg/dL. Mental status improved after correction of hypoglycemia.
He had multiple admissions for hypoglycemia, however, no history of diabetes mellitus, or use of hypoglycemia inducing medications. Home medications included Patiromer for hyperkalemia. Family history was remarkable for XLID type Nascimento in his brother and sister’s son. Imaging and laboratory studies conducted on prior admissions were inconclusive. Abdominal CT scan showed a 6mm cyst in the head of the pancreas, but no mass. A 72-hour fast after holding dextrose infusion did not yield a clear biochemical differential. BG 51 mg/dL, Insulin <0.5 (3.0–25 mU/L), C-peptide 0.6 (1.1–4.4 ng/mL), pro-insulin 3.2 (0.0–10.0 pmol/L), β-hydroxybutyrate 0.2 (<0.6 mmol/L). BG increased to greater than 25 mg/dL with 1 mg IV glucagon. Insulin antibody was negative (<5 uU/ml). IGF-1, IGF-2 were low at 17 (49–188 ng/mL) and 142 (333-967ng/mL) respectively. Thyroid function and ACTH stimulation test were within normal limits. Aldosterone <0.1(0.0–30 ng/dL), renin 0.195 (0.167–5.38 ng/mL/hr). Urine metabolic screen, urine amino acid screen, plasma amino acid screen and white cell lysosomal enzymes were normal for the nephew and not performed in our patient. The patient’s family requested not pursuing a repeat 72-hour fast, additional imaging or invasive procedures. Dexamethasone 0.5mg orally at bedtime was started which improved blood sugars and patient was discharged. He presented 2 weeks later with recurrent hypoglycemia. Dexamethasone was titrated to 1.5 mg with no improvement. Diazoxide 3mg/kg/day was subsequently started while dexamethasone was tapered and discontinued. Hypoglycemia did not recur.
Conclusion: This is the first case report describing spontaneous hypoglycemia in an individual with XLID type Nascimento. Our patient also had hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism which raises the question of endocrine abnormalities as a manifestation of XLID type Nascimento and if hypoglycemia is an inborn error of metabolism in this patient.
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