In our previous cross-sectional study, multiple species of Campylobacter were detected (88%) in stool samples from children (12 to 14 months of age) in rural eastern Ethiopia. This study assessed the ...temporal fecal carriage of Campylobacter in infants and identified putative reservoirs associated with these infections in infants from the same region. The prevalence and load of Campylobacter were determined using genus-specific real-time PCR. Stool samples from 106 infants (
= 1,073) were collected monthly from birth until 376 days of age (DOA). Human stool samples (mothers and siblings), livestock feces (cattle, chickens, goats, and sheep), and environmental samples (soil and drinking water) from the 106 households were collected twice per household (
= 1,644). Campylobacter was most prevalent in livestock feces (goats, 99%; sheep, 98%; cattle, 99%; chickens, 93%), followed by human stool samples (siblings, 91%; mothers, 83%; infants, 64%) and environmental samples (soil, 58%; drinking water, 43%). The prevalence of Campylobacter in infant stool samples significantly increased with age, from 30% at 27 DOA to 89% at 360 DOA (1% increase/day in the odds of being colonized) (
< 0.001). The Campylobacter load increased linearly (
< 0.001) with age from 2.95 logs at 25 DOA to 4.13 logs at 360 DOA. Within a household, the Campylobacter load in infant stool samples was positively correlated with the load in mother stool samples (
= 0.18) and soil collected inside the house (
= 0.36), which were in turn both correlated with Campylobacter loads in chicken and cattle feces (0.60 <
< 0.63) (
< 0.01). In conclusion, a high proportion of infants are infected with Campylobacter in eastern Ethiopia, and contact with the mother and contaminated soil may be associated with early infections.
A high Campylobacter prevalence during early childhood has been associated with environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and stunting, especially in low-resource settings. Our previous study demonstrated that Campylobacter was frequently found (88%) in children from eastern Ethiopia; however, little is known about potential Campylobacter reservoirs and transmission pathways leading to infection of infants by Campylobacter during early growth. In the longitudinal study presented here, Campylobacter was frequently detected in infants within the 106 surveyed households from eastern Ethiopia, and the prevalence was age dependent. Furthermore, preliminary analyses highlighted the potential role of the mother, soil, and livestock in the transmission of Campylobacter to the infant. Further work will explore the species and genetic composition of Campylobacter in infants and putative reservoirs using PCR and whole-genome and metagenomic sequencing. The findings from these studies can lead to the development of interventions to minimize the risk of transmission of Campylobacter to infants and, potentially, EED and stunting.
In 1999 Nigeria witnessed its second transition to democracy. However, not only have authoritarian regimes existed in Nigeria for a substantial part of its history but also the successive democratic ...governments since 1999 have continued to mirror the characteristics of these regimes. Thus, in the article I analyze this paradox by examining the role of multinational corporations in preventing the growth of democracy in Nigeria. I observe that the rentier incomes provided by the multinational oil corporations to the Nigerian state have enabled the authoritarian regimes to maintain themselves in power. Furthermore the multinational corporations have also played a very important role in ensuring the continuation of an "elite social class" supportive of these regimes, within the Nigerian society. These findings suggest that the important socio-economic position enjoyed by these multinational corporations within the Nigerian society, has resulted in the continuation of the authoritarian regimes and their policies within the Nigerian state. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
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The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) has been in use since 2012 and is widely recognized as one of the most rigorous tools to measure women's empowerment as a direct or indirect result ...of interventions from development projects. Changes to the WEAI have been ongoing and recent adaptations include measuring effects of interventions to improve livestock value chains on women's empowerment, as well as livestock related research. A multidisciplinary team of researchers at ILRI and Emory University developed the Women's Empowerment in Livestock Index (WELI), a new index to assess the empowerment of women in the livestock sector. While the WELI has been piloted in both Honduras and Tanzania, this article provides details on the latter case only. Currently, the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems has employed the Abbreviated-Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) to examine female decision-making in various projects from animal care knowledge and practices to feeding practices for children. Additionally, the development of the Project-Women Empowerment in Agriculture Index, currently in pilot testing, may allow for more insight into scaling existing projects. This article will discuss the adaptation and use of the WEAI for livestock research in Tanzania and Uganda, as well as future uses for contextually measuring women livestock producers' empowerment.
•Pilot research for Women's Empowerment in Livestock Index tool in two countries.•Assessing women's empowerment and food security.•Ethnic differences affect livestock vaccine uptake.
The Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is widely recognized as one of the most rigorous tools to measure women's empowerment as a direct or indirect result of interventions from development projects. The Women's Empowerment in Livestock Index (WELI) is a new index to assess the empowerment of women in the livestock sector. The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems has employed the Abbreviated-Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) to examine female decision-making in various projects from animal care knowledge and practices to feeding practices for children. This article will discuss the adaptation and use of the WEAI for livestock research, as well as future uses for contextually measuring women livestock producers' empowerment.
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The spread of the forces of globalization have significantly affected the modern world. Thus, in this article, I attempt to identify how globalization has negatively influenced development of ...tertiary or higher educational policies in underdeveloped countries. Using the case study of India, I observe that the liberalization of the Indian economy resulted in a large inflow of foreign direct investment which in turn influenced the emergence of a new higher education policy, in order to meet the manpower requirements of multinational corporations. Such a policy has increased social dissatisfaction within the society due to the dichotomy between the needs and wants of the citizens, resulting in growth of social conflict.
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Alar collapse is known to aggravate snoring-severity and possibly the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. Various surgical techniques, implants and commercial mechanical/prosthetic nasal alar ...dilators are evident in literature.
A malleable wire prosthesis at ‘no’ manufacturing cost is custom designed through computer modelling and animation and thereafter tested for its efficacy in 20 normal subjects as per visual analog scale along with its correlation with patient-profiles.
All subjects reported improvement in their nasal patency ranging from 30% to 99% but no correlation was seen between the degree of improvement & patient variables. This improvement in normal subjects indicates even a better improvement in true alar collapse.
Main advantages of this devise is its extremely low-cost, non-traumatic nature, adjustability to suit patient comfort and can be customised across all types of noses. However it seems cosmetically unacceptable during the daytime, as well as for small children. With no correlation with patient factors the acceptability of this devise is mainly dependent on a good customized design. With a constant use during bedtime in alar collapse this device may not only resolve snoring and improve the sleep-quality of spouse but also enhances oxygenation during sleep.
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The ‘British Raj’ is known by all. It was a period during which the British had direct rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 up till 1947 i.e., when India and Pakistan gained independence. ...Previous studies have shown how colonization has dire impacts on the colonizes from an economic, social and even cultural perspective. This stands true even in the case of India. More specifically, however, there were certain industries which were more impacted than the others. In line with the aforementioned, this research paper conducts an in-depth study of the Indian arts and crafts industry to uncover its brilliance and how the British colonized it. The latter half of the paper evaluates the policies and initiatives that have been implemented by the Indian government and ministries, since 1947 to date, to understand how effective these have been in decolonizing the Indian arts and crafts Industry
Re-Discovering the New World Singh, Nitya
Journal of developing societies,
07/2009, Volume:
25, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
With an intensification of globalization a vast majority of the under-developed states are experiencing a high level of economic growth due to their economic relationship with the developed states. ...At the same time there has been a lack of significant economic relationships between the developing countries. Therefore, this article explores the potential of a South-South economic relationship by evaluating the case studies of India and Brazil. I initially identify the causal factors that bought about a structural change within the economies of these two nations. Post this, I evaluate the changes in the global economy that have made such an economic cooperation more important now than ever before. Finally, I identify the areas in which these two states can expand their economic relationship and conclude with the potential of such an economic relationship for the future of the South-South Cooperation initiative.
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39.
Re-Discovering the New World Singh, Nitya
Journal of developing societies,
07/2009, Volume:
25, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
With an intensification of globalization a vast majority of the under-developed states are experiencing a high level of economic growth due to their economic relationship with the developed states. ...At the same time there has been a lack of significant economic relationships between the developing countries. Therefore, this article explores the potential of a South-South economic relationship by evaluating the case studies of India and Brazil. I initially identify the causal factors that bought about a structural change within the economies of these two nations. Post this, I evaluate the changes in the global economy that have made such an economic cooperation more important now than ever before. Finally, I identify the areas in which these two states can expand their economic relationship and conclude with the potential of such an economic relationship for the future of the South-South Cooperation initiative. Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications, Ltd., copyright holder.
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