Background
Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of death in India, which needs hospital management but many families cannot access hospitals. The World Health Organization and the Government of India ...developed a guideline to manage possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) when a referral is not feasible. We implemented this guideline to achieve high coverage of treatment of PSBI with low mortality.
Methodology
The implementation research study was conducted in over 50 villages of Palwal district, Haryana during August 2017-March 2019 and covered a population of 199143. Policy dialogue with central, state and district health authorities was held before initiation of the study. A baseline assessment of the barriers in the implementation of the PSBI intervention was conducted. The intervention was implemented in the program setting. The research team collected data throughout and also co-participated in the implementation of the intervention for the first six months to identify bottlenecks in the health system and at the community level. RE-AIM framework was utilized to document implementation strategies of PSBI management guideline. Implementation strategies by the district technical support unit (TSU) included: (i) empower mothers and families through social mobilization to improve care-seeking of sick young infants 0–59 days of age, (ii) build capacity through training and build confidence through technical support of health staff at primary health centers (PHC), community health centers (CHC) and sub-centers to manage young infants with PSBI signs and (iii) improve performance of accredited social health activists (ASHAs).
Findings
A total of 370 young infants with signs of PSBI were identified and managed in 5270 live births. Treatment coverage was 70% assuming that 10% of live births would have PSBI within the first two months of life. Mothers identified 87.6% (324/370) of PSBI cases. PHCs and CHCs became functional and managed 150 (40%) sick young infants with PSBI. Twenty four young infants (7-59days) who had only fast breathing were treated with oral amoxicillin without a referral. Referral to a hospital was refused by 126 (84%); 119 had clinical severe infection (CSI), one 0–6 days old had fast breathing and six had critical illness (CI). Of 119 CSI cases managed on outpatient injection gentamicin and oral amoxicillin, 116 (96.7%) recovered, 55 (45.8%) received all seven gentamicin injections and only one died. All 7–59 day old infants with fast breathing recovered, 23 on outpatient oral amoxicillin treatment; and 19 (79%) received all doses. Of 65 infants managed at either district or tertiary hospital, two (3.1%) died, rest recovered. Private providers managed 155 (41.9%) PSBI cases, all except one recovered, but sub-classification and treatment were unknown. Sub-centers could not be activated to manage PSBI.
Conclusion
The study demonstrated resolution of implementation bottlenecks with existing resources, activated PHCs and CHCs to manage CSI and fast breathers (7–59 day old) on an outpatient basis with low mortality when a referral was not feasible. TSU was instrumental in these achievements. We established the effectiveness of oral amoxicillin alone in 7–59 days old fast breathers and recommend a review of the current national policy.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Structural evolution, electronic, magnetic and optical properties of small bimetallic Bi
n
Co
m
(n + m ≤ 5) hybrid nanoclusters are investigated by using density functional theory involving ...generalized gradient approximation. All the possible two and three-dimensional structures have been considered for optimization to obtain a stable ground state isomer and different thermodynamical parameters binding energy (BE), energy gap between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMOLUMO), magnetic moments of the energetically stable clusters in each size have been calculated. We found a general trend that average binding energy of bimetallic BiCo nanoalloy increases with Co and Bi doping. Planar structures of pure Bi and Co clusters changed in 3D with the addition of doped atom. Bi
3
Co, Bi
4
Co, BiCo
2
, BiCo
3
, and BiCo
5
nanoalloy clusters are found as most stable species since they have higher energy gap and binding energy than the others. The interatomic charge transfer also plays a role in enhancing the magnetic moment and optical gap that can be tuned within the full range of visible light by changing the number of Co and Bi atoms. This gives possibility of using these clusters for photo-catalytic water splitting and spintronic applications.
Using the coherent-potential approximation, we have studied the effects of excess Fe, Se deficiency and substitutions of S and Te on the Se sub-lattice and Co, Ni and Cu on the Fe sub-lattice in ...FeSe. Our results show that (i) a small amount of excess Fe substantially disorders the Fe-derived bands while an Se deficiency affects mainly the Se-derived bands, (ii) the substitution of S or Te enhances the possibility of Fermi surface nesting, especially in FeSe(0.5)Te(0.5), in spite of disordering the Se-derived bands and (iii) the electron doping through Co, Ni or Cu disorders the system and pushes down the Fe-derived bands, thereby destroying the possibility of Fermi surface nesting. A comparison of these results with the rigid-band, virtual-crystal and supercell approximations reveals the importance of describing disorder with the coherent-potential approximation.
FeSe in bulk, film or layer form as well as its alloys have shown many intriguing magnetic and superconducting properties. In this paper, we examine the role of interstitial disorder in changing the ...various electronic, magnetic and superconducting properties of FeSe using ab-initio method. We have studied the electronic properties of FeSe doped interstitially with the transition metal (TM) impurities, Fe(TM)xSe (where TM V, Mn, Co, Ni, and x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.04 and 0.10). Our results, analyzed in terms of density of states (DOS), band structure, Fermi surface (FS), and local and total magnetic moments, show that the excess of the transition-metal atoms substantially modify the Fermi surface of FeSe. We have also estimated the value of the electron-phonon mass enhancement factor, the Hopfield parameter and the superconducting transition temperature for these alloys.
We have studied the effects of transition-metal Cr in excess on the electronic and magnetic properties of FeCrxSe (x = 0.0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.10) alloys. We have used density functional ...based method Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker atomic sphere approximation within the coherent potential approximation to calculate the densities of states (DOS), band structures and Fermi surfaces (FS) of these alloys. Our calculations show that these alloys (FeCrxSe) are non-magnetic. Our unpolarized calculations show a subtle change in terms of density of states, band structure and Fermi surface with respect to the pure FeSe. We have also estimated bare Sommerfeld constant, electron–phonon coupling constant and the superconducting transition temperature Tc for these alloys, which were found to be in good agreement with experiments.
•We have investigated the effects of excess Cr on the electronic structure of FeSe using KKR-ASA method within coherent-potential approximation in terms of changes in the DOS, PDOS, band structures, Fermi surface, bare Sommerfeld constant and the superconducting transition temperature.•Many papers have been published in JPCM related to Fe-based superconductors both experimental and theoretical.•Thus, we hope that our work is suitable for publishing in your journal.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We have performed ab-initio electronic structure calculations to investigate the ground state properties of Pd1−xNixTe (x = 0.0-0.20) alloys. The PdTe and all of its alloys are paramagnetic metals. ...For low concentrations, the band structure remains almost unchanged and at higher concentrations, a strong redistribution of spectral weights is observed. The most striking feature of the band structure is that the bands around the Fermi energy remain almost unchanged. The calculated Fermi surfaces are remarkably robust against disorder, strongly three-dimensional and have no or negligible nesting. The density of states at Fermi energy increases monotonically with concentration (x). Although the contribution of Ni to the density of states at Fermi energy is increasing continuously yet, Pd and Te dominate the density of states at Fermi energy. The density of states at Fermi energy and superconducting transition temperature Tc show opposite trends with respect to Ni concentration. So, density of states at Fermi level alone is not sufficient to discern the trends in Tc. We need to know the phonons and electron-phonon interactions as well, which at the moment are not available.
Strategic investments and policy directives of the Indian Government has demonstrated highest degree of political commitment for maternal and child health care.
To evaluate the impact of the rise in ...institutional deliveries in India on perinatal mortality.
Hospital delivery rate and perinatal mortality rate (PNMR), reported by Sample Registration System, Registrar General of India, on a representative sample was used. The correlation between relative change in hospital deliveries and PNMR was examined.
In rural areas of India, hospital deliveries have increased during 2005-2013 from 24.4 to 69.7% and PNMR has declined from 40 to 28 per 1000 births. At the state level, there was significant correlation between the rise in hospital delivery rate and decline in PNMR (
0.4,
0.04).
Decline in perinatal rates can be attributed to India's strategic initiatives in health policy and planning for increasing deliveries in hospitals.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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