Nutritive value of five Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel grass) genotypes (IG96-50, IG96-96, IG96-358, IG96-401 and IG96-403) weredetermined. Their sugar contents (>70 mg/g of dry matter) and ensiling ...potential were evaluated using in vitro batch culture and in vivo studies. Research indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) in the dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and lignin contents of the C. ciliaris genotypes tested. Genotypes also differed (P < 0.05) in total carbohydrates, structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates and protein fractions. Genotype IG96-96 had the lowest total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents (377.2 g/kg, 6.95 and 5.71 MJ/kg of dry matter, respectively), and net energy values for lactation, maintenance and growth. After 45 days of ensiling, C. ciliaris silages differed (P < 0.05) in dry matter, pH, and lactic acid contents, and their values ranged between 255-339, 4.06-5.17 g/kg of dry matter and 10.8-28.0 g/kg of dry matter, respectively. Maize silage had higher (P < 0.05) Organic Matter (919.5g/kg of dry matter), ether extract (20.4g/kg of dry matter) and hemi-cellulose (272.3 g/kg of dry matter) than IG96-401 and IG96-96 silages. The total carbohydrates and non-structural carbohydrates of maize silage were higher (P < 0.05), while structural carbohydrates were comparable (P < 0.05) with C. ciliaris silages. Sheep on maize silage had (P < 0.05) higher metabolizable energy, lower crude protein, and digestible crude protein intake (g/kg of dry matter) than those on C. ciliaris silage diets. Nitrogen intake and urinary-N excretion were higher (P < 0.05) on genotype IG96-96 silage diet. Overall, this study suggested that certain C. ciliaris genotypes, notably IG96-401 and IG96-96, exhibited nutritive values comparable to maize silage in sheep studies, offering a promising avenue for future exploration as potential alternatives in diversified and sustainable livestock nutrition programs.
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PM
2.5
(Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 m) concentrations above permissible limit causes air quality deterioration and hampers human health. Due to the lack of a good spatial ...network of ground-based PM monitoring sites and systematic checking, the availability of continuous data of PM
2.5
concentrations at macro and meso scales is restricted. Present research estimated PM
2.5
concentrations at high (1 km) resolution over Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurugram and Gautam Buddha Nagar, a data-scarce zone of the highly urbanized area of northwestern India for the year 2019 using Random Forest (RF), Multi-Linear Regression (MLR) models and Hybrid Model combining RF and MLR. It included Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), meteorological data and limited in-situ data of PM
2.5
. For validation, the correlation coefficient (R), Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Relative Prediction Error (RPE) have been utilized. The hybrid model estimated PM
2.5
with a greater correlation (R = 0.865) and smaller RPE (22.41%) compared to standalone MLR/RF models. Despite the inadequate in-situ data, Greater Noida has been found to have a high correlation (R = 0.933) and low RPE (32.13%) in the hybrid model. The most polluted seasons of the year are winter (137.28 µgm
−3
) and post-monsoon (112.93 µgm
−3
), whereas the wet monsoon (44.56 µgm
−3
) season is the cleanest. The highest PM
2.5
level was recorded in Noida followed by Ghaziabad, Greater Noida and Faridabad. The findings of the present research will provide an input dataset for air pollution exposure risk research in parts of northwestern India with sparse monitoring data.
Three proanthocyanidin fractions per species were sequentially extracted by 50% (v/v) methanol−water, 70% (v/v) acetone−water, and distilled water from leaves of Ficus racemosa (fractions FR) and F. ...religiosa (fractions FRL) to yield fractions FR-50, FR-70, FR-DW, FRL-50, FRL-70, and FRL-DW. Fractions were examined for their molecular structure, effect on ruminal enzyme activities, and principal leaf protein (Rubisco) solubilization in vitro. All fractions except FRL-70 contained flavonoids including (+) catechin, (−) epicatechin, (+) gallocatechin, (−) epigallocatechin, and their -4-phloroglucinol adducts. The fractions FRL-50 and FRL-DW significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activity of ruminal glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. All fractions inhibited glutamate dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05) with increasing concentration, while protease activity decreased 15−18% with increasing concentrations. Fractions FRL-50 and FRL-DW completely inhibited the activity of cellulase enzymes. Solubilization of Rubisco was higher in F. religiosa (22.36 ± 1.24%) and F. racemosa (17.26 ± 0.61%) than that of wheat straw (WS) (8.95 ± 0.95%) and berseem hay (BH) (3.04 ± 0.08%). A significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein solubilization was observed when WS and BH were supplemented with FR and FRL leaves at different proportions. The efficiency of microbial protein was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in diets consisting of WS and BH with supplementation of F. racemosa leaves in comparison to those supplemented with F. religiosa leaves. The overall conclusion is that the fractions extracted from F. religiosa showed greater inhibitory effects on rumen enzymes and recorded higher protein solubilization in comparison to the F. racemosa. Thus, PAs from F. religiosa are potential candidates to manipulate rumen enzymes activities for efficient utilization of protein and fiber in ruminants.
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Oxidative enzyme activity in plants is affected by innumerable direct as well as indirect ways. Sowing dates, nutrients in the form of foliar sprays and pre-seed treatments are the most common paths ...that can enhance the activity of oxidative enzymes in plants. The present field study was carried out during rainy (kharif ) seasons of 2019–20 and 2021–22 at the experimental field of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana to evaluate the seed quality and yield of cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp affected by the date of sowing, foliar application and seed treatment. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design (SSPD) having 3 sowing dates, viz. 30 March (S1); 30 May (S2); and 30 June (S3) and 3 different seed treatments along with control i.e. T0, Control (untreated seeds); T1, Captan @2 g/kg; T2, Vitavax @2 g/kg; and T3, Bavistin @2 g/kg, replicated thrice. Nutrient spray, viz. FS0, No spray; FS1, NPK (18:18:18) @2%; FS2, NPK (17:44:0)-Urea phosphate @2% and FS3, NPK (0:0:50)- Sulphate of potash @2% were also done at at 35–45 DAS (days after sowing) and 55–65 DAS. The results reported that delayed sowing time reduced the oxidative enzyme activity and thus affected the productivity of quality cowpea. Captan was observed to be the most efficient and preventive, seed treatment agent. Out of the three-nutrient spray NPK @18:18:18 resulted in the maximum oxidative enzyme activity. The best quality seeds having highest values of oxidative enzyme activity including Catalase, Peroxidase, Dehydrogenase and Superoxide Dismutase were harvested from captan treated seed of second sowing with two sprays of NPK (18:18:18).
This study investigated the principal leaf protein (rubisco) solubilization and in vitro ruminal enzyme activity in relation to the molecular structure of proanthocyanidins extracted from leaves of ...Anogeissus pendula and Eugenia jambolana. Six proanthocyanidin fractions were extracted by 50% (v/v) methanol−water followed by 70% (v/v) acetone−water and then distilled water from leaves of A. pendula (AP) and E. jambolana (EJ) to yield EJ−70, EJ−50, EJ−DW, AP−70, AP−50 and AP−DW. Fractions were examined for their molecular structure and their effects on sheep ruminal enzymes and solubilization of rubisco in vitro. All fractions significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activity of ruminal glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. The fractions AP−50 and EJ−50 significantly inhibited the activity of the R-cellulase enzyme. Most of the fractions inhibited R-glutamate dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05) by increasing its concentration, while protease activity decreased by up to 58% with increasing incubation time and concentration. The solubilization of rubisco was observed to be comparatively higher in A. pendula (16.60 ± 1.97%) and E. jambolana (15.03 ± 1.06%) than that of wheat straw (8.95 ± 0.95%) and berseem hay (3.04 ± 0.08%). A significant (p < 0.05) increase in protein solubilization was observed when wheat straw and berseem hay were supplemented with A. pendula and E. jambolana leaves at different proportions. The efficiency of microbial protein was significantly (p < 0.05) greater with the supplementation of leaves of A. pendula in comparison to E. jambolana. The overall conclusion is that the proanthocyanidins obtained from E. jambolana exhibited greater inhibitory activities on rumen enzymes, whereas A. pendula recorded higher protein solubilization. Thus, PAs from A. pendula and E. jambolana appear to have the potential to manipulate rumen enzyme activities for efficient utilization of protein and fiber in ruminants.
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Present study was carried out during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh to decipher underlying gene effects for ...green forage quality characters in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Eight diverse barley genotypes, viz. BH902, BH946, DWRB160, DWRB180, RD2552, RD2794, RD2899 and RD2907 were evaluated and crossed in half diallel design. A total of 28 F1s along with 8 parents were sown in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The green fodder was harvested after 55 days of sowing (DAS) and fodder quality analysis was conducted. The crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N) contents showed mean values of 14.19 and 2.49% ranged from 12.62–15.26% and 2.22–2.68%, respectively. The characters, viz. organic matter (OM), CP, N, lignin (L) and hemicellulose (HCL) showed prepondrance of additive gene effects, whereas acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose (CL) showed the prevalnce of dominance gene effects. The genotype DWRB180 and two rowed malt barley variety DWRB160 were estimated with desirable additive gene effects for forage intake and digestibility traits. The cross combinations, DWRB160/RD2899, BH946/RD2552 and RD2794/DWRB180 can be further utilized for CP and N contents, whereas, the progenies, viz. BH946/DWRB180 and RD2552/RD2907 were promising for ADF and NDF. GT biplot corroborated positive correlations of NDF with ADF (0.43**), HCL (0.88**) and CL (0.41*). The improvement in forage intake and digestibility characters like ADF, NDF and CL is suggested through complex crossing followed by selection.
This study evaluated 5 annual and 11 perennial Indian pasture legumes species for their nutritive value, dry matter and mineral contents and in vitro fermentation parameters. Legume species differed ...significantly (
< 0.05) in various nutritional aspects such as organic matter, crude protein (CP), ether extract, fibres and protein fractions. Perennial
had higher (
< 0.05) buffer soluble protein (477), while neutral detergent soluble protein was highest in annually grown
(420 g/kg CP).
(AS) had higher levels of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) (392 g/kg dry matter (DM)) than structural carbohydrates (SC) (367 g/kg DM). Its rapidly degradable fraction (51.7 g/kg (total carbohydrate) tCHO) was lower (
< 0.05) than other fractions of carbohydrates. Total digestible nutrients, digestible energy and metabolisable energy varied, with
(DV) having higher values and
(SSe) having the lowest. Predicted dry matter intake, digestible dry matter and relative feed value also showed significant differences (
< 0.05). Annual grasses such as
,
,
(RM) were found to be better balanced with micro minerals. In vitro dry matter degradability, partition factor, short-chain fatty acids and microbial protein production of legumes varied significantly (
< 0.05). Gas and CH
production (mL/g and mL/g (digestible DM) DDM) also varied, with
-blue having the highest gas production and
-white (CT-w) and AS having lower CH
production. Methane in total gas was low for DV, RM and CT-w (8.99%, 9.72% and 9.51%). Loss of DE and ME as CH
varied (
< 0.05) among the legumes. Each legume offers unique benefits, potentially allowing for tailored combinations of annual and perennial legumes to optimize rumen feed efficiency.
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Land use Land cover have significance in relation to Land, the most vital and fundamental resource pertaining to the urban development. Unprecedented urban growth has a noteworthy impact on natural ...landscape by converting natural land-cover in Haryana. Hisar, an area recognized for rapid urban growth is less explored in terms of research. The present research has shown a significant change in land use in terms of expansion of built-up area from 3.7 % (1991) to 5.0 % (2001) and 6.2 % (2011) by encroaching into agricultural land. Despite the clear difference between average land surface temperature for built up and non-built up area, grazing land and sandy waste, bare land in the rural surrounding possess higher temperature compared to the city core which contradicts the reported impact of urbanization earlier. Such contrary pertains to sparse vegetation cover leading to reduced evaporative cooling during dry pre-monsoon summer in the rural surrounding. On the other side, green parks and plantation in the city contribute to lower mean temperature because of high rates of evapotranspiration and produce ‘oasis effect’ in the present study area located in semi-arid climatic zone. Regression analysis between temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Normalized Difference Built-up Index exhibited a strong negative and positive correlation respectively (Pearson’s r: between -0.79 to -0.87 and between 0.79 to 0.84 respectively). Future land use prediction project an increase (1.3 %) in built-up area from 2011 to 2021. This study recommends urban plantation and prohibition to overgrazing to check the heat effect.
The water buffalo faces challenges in optimizing nutrition due to varying local feed resources. In response to this challenge, the current study introduces originality by addressing the lack of ...region-specific feeding strategies for water buffaloes. This is achieved through the formulation of 30 different diets based on locally available resources, offering a tailored approach to enhance nutritional optimization in diverse agroecological contexts. These diets were segmented into three groups of ten, each catering to the maintenance (MD
to MD
), growth (GD
to GD
), and lactation/production (PD
to PD
) needs of buffaloes. Utilizing local feed ingredients, each diet was assessed for its chemical composition, in vitro gas and methane emissions, and dry matter (DM) disappearance using buffalo rumen liquor. The production diets (127 and 32.2 g/kg DM) had more protein and fats than the maintenance diets (82.0 and 21.0 g/kg DM). There was less (
< 0.05) fiber in the production diets compared to the maintenance ones. Different protein components (P
, P
) were lower (
< 0.05) in the maintenance diets compared to the growth and production ones, but other protein fractions (P
, P
) were higher (
< 0.05) in the maintenance diet. Furthermore, the growth diets had the highest amount of other protein components (P
), while the maintenance diets had the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates (586 g/kg DM), whereas the carbohydrate fraction (C
) was highest (
< 0.05) in the production diets (187 g/kg DM), followed by the growth (129 g/kg DM) and maintenance diets (96.1 g/kg DM). On the contrary, the carbohydrate C
fraction was (
< 0.05) higher in the maintenance diets (107 g/kg DM) than in the growth (70.4 g/kg DM) and production diets (44.7 g/kg DM). The in vitro gas production over time (12, 24, and 48 h) was roughly the same for all the diets. Interestingly, certain components (ether extract, lignin, NDIN, ADIN, and P
and C
) of the diets seemed to reduce methane production, while others (OM, NPN, SP, P
and P
tCHO and C
) increased it. In simple words, this study reveals that different diets affect gas production during digestion, signifying a significant step towards a promising future for buffalo farming through tailored, region-specific formulations.
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