Vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs) being a sub class of MANET is a challenging field of wireless communication. It is a sensible way of using infrastructure fewer networks augmented with Intelligent ...Transportation System (ITS). It is an emerging trend now days for vehicles to be equipped with an embedded on-board computing unit with communication capabilities to enhance the overall driving experience. Such a system enables vehicle to vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and provides vehicles with up-to-date route and traffic information. Due to its highly dynamic topology as well as occurring often disconnection among vehicles, various categories of protocols have designed for its efficient and reliable working. While driving, a large amount of data and information are accessible to everyone. Many attractive applications over vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs) need data to be transmitted to the remote destinations through multiple paths, but some unique characteristics of VANETs incur unstable data delivery performances. Efficient data dissemination to a desired number of receivers in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a new issue and a challenging one considering the dynamic nature of VANETs. This paper presents an overview on simple and robust dissemination technique that efficiently deals with data dissemination in both dense and sparse vehicular networks. This technique divides the users in two categories and it takes three cases.
Portable specially appointed system comprise of hubs that are versatile. The hubs are interconnected with no brought together control. The correspondence between the hubs is completed by utilizing ...the versatile hubs which are going about as switches. Steering in a versatile specially appointed system is critical issues. The greatest test in systems is to discover the way between the correspondence end focuses. MANET hubs working on battery attempt to seek after the vitality productivity by lessening the vitality they devoured. In this paper just utilize the idea of Nature Inspired calculations (Swarm Intelligence Technique, for example, Ant Colony Optimization calculation. Fundamentally the convention is in view of swarm discernment. It is utilized to take care of complex issues by participation. The principle objective of this paper is to diminish overhead, upgrade the vitality, end to end delay. This paper just presents the utilize the idea of quad-constrained FANTs and multi-criteria based BANTs to course the information.
Subsurface flows, particularly hyporheic exchange fluxes, driven by streambed topography, permeability, channel gradient and dynamic flow conditions provide prominent ecological services such as ...nitrate removal from streams and aquifers. Stream flow dynamics cause strongly nonlinear and often episodic contributions of nutrient concentrations in river‐aquifer systems. Using a fully coupled transient flow and reactive transport model, we investigated the denitrification potential of hyporheic zones during peak‐flow events. The effects of streambed permeability, channel gradient and bedform amplitude on the spatio‐temporal distribution of nitrate and dissolved organic carbon in streambeds and the associated denitrification potential were explored. Distinct peak‐flow events with different intensity, duration and hydrograph shape were selected to represent a wide range of peak‐flow scenarios. Our results indicated that the specific hydrodynamic characteristics of individual flow events largely determine the average positive or negative nitrate removal capacity of hyporheic zones, however the magnitude of this capacity is controlled by geomorphological settings (i.e., channel slope, streambed permeability and bedform amplitude). Specifically, events with longer duration and higher intensity were shown to promote higher nitrate removal efficiency with higher magnitude of removal efficiency in the scenarios with higher slope and permeability values. These results are essential for better assessment of the subsurface nitrate removal capacity under the influence of flow dynamics and particularly peak‐flow events in order to provide tailored solutions for effective restoration of interconnected river‐aquifer systems.
Key Points
Reactive transport model predicts stream geomorphological impacts on hyporheic denitrification potential
High frequency observations of nutrient fluxes improve predictions of denitrification potential
Controls of duration and intensity of peak‐flow events on denitrification potential vary between geomorphological settings
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this paper the idea is to rationale a new active queue management technique (MGF-RED) based on Random Early Detection (RED), a well known active queue management technique for congestion ...avoidance. The conventional RED uses the concept of minimum threshold, maximum threshold and average queue length. If the average queue length increases by minimum threshold then the algorithm start dropping the packets with some probability using linear function of average queue size. If the average queue size is greater than the maximum threshold then packets are dropped with 1 probability. The proposed algorithm will use Modified Gaussian function for calculating the likelihood of packet drop as the average queue length increases the minimum threshold. Simulation has been performed using NS-2. 34. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm will present better network performance in throughput, packet delivery fraction and number of dropped packets.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused appalling conditions over the globe, which is currently faced by the entire human population. One of the primary reasons behind the uncontrollable situation ...is the lack of specific therapeutics. In such conditions, drug repurposing of available drugs (viz. Chloroquine, Lopinavir, etc.) has been proposed, but various clinical and preclinical investigations indicated the toxicity and adverse side effects of these drugs. This study explores the inhibition potency of phytochemicals from Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) against SARS CoV-2 drugable targets (spike glycoprotein and M
pro
proteins) using molecular docking and MD simulation studies. ADMET, virtual screening, MD simulation, postsimulation analysis (RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, PCA, FES) and MM-PBSA calculations were carried out to predict the inhibition efficacy of the phytochemicals against SARS CoV-2 targets. Tinospora compounds showed better binding affinity than the corresponding reference. Their binding affinity ranges from -9.63 to -5.68 kcal/mole with spike protein and -10.27 to -7.25 kcal/mole with main protease. Further 100 ns exhaustive simulation studies and MM-PBSA calculations supported favorable and stable binding of them. This work identifies Nine Tinospora compounds as potential inhibitors. Among those, 7-desacetoxy-6,7-dehydrogedunin was found to inhibit both spike (7NEG) and Mpro (7MGS and 6LU7) proteins, and Columbin was found to inhibit selected spike targets (7NEG and 7NX7). In all the analyses, these compounds performed well and confirms the stable binding. Hence the identified compounds, advocated as potential inhibitors can be taken for further in vitro and in vivo experimental validation to determine their anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential.
Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The Pre-Nectarian Crüger-Sirsalis Basin (centered at 16.0°S, 293.0°E; ~ 475 km in diameter) is a primarily degraded and obscured impact basin on the Moon. This study presents the first geological ...description of the Crüger-Sirsalis Basin using remote sensing datasets from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Chandrayaan-1, and Kaguya missions. An inner depression ring (IDR) with a diameter of ~243 km has been identified, besides two of its outer rings with diameters of ~425 km and ~ 475 km. We report two new floor fractured craters, and a new concentric crater, suggesting the presence of shallow magmatic intrusions. A new pyroclastic deposit has been found within the Crüger-Sirsalis Basin. Our spectral assessment of the cryptomaria and mare basalt reveals two different types of cryptomaria in the region. The cryptomare inside the basin possesses similar olivine-pyroxene composition as basalt within the basin. However, the cryptomare outside the Crüger-Sirsalis Basin, towards the Oceanus Procellarum, is predominantly composed of high-Ca pyroxene. The spectral signature of pure anorthosite (PAN) has been found in crater Darwin C, located along the inner ring of the basin. The Byrgius Crater along the outer ring of the basin shows the spectral signature of olivine or Fe-rich glass mixed with orthopyroxene. Crater chronology has revealed that the basin experienced main phase and late phase volcanism, down to ~1.4 Ga. Thus, the Crüger-Sirsalis Basin uniquely experienced prolonged mare volcanism from the pre-cataclysmic stage to the late stage of lunar history.
•The first attempt to unravel the geology of the Crüger-Sirsalis Basin, a largely obscured impact basin on the Moon.•The basin uniquely exhibits prolonged volcanism on the Moon with spectrally distinct volcanic units.•Two new floor fractured craters, one new concentric crater, and a pyroclastic deposit have been identified.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
In this paper, Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) is wireless networks consisting of a collection of mobile nodes without fixed infrastructure. According to decentralized, self-configuring and dynamic ...nature, MANETs offer many advantage and easy to install. But with this dynamic topology, MANETs have some challenges like the design of an efficient routing protocol. The multiple paths routing protocol with load balancing provides a solution for the congestion network and increases its capacity. MANET consists of a set of mobile nodes which are connected with each other by using radio waves. Load balancing is the way of improving the performance of a parallel. The central administration, hence it is called infrastructure less network. It is very difficult to find the path between two end points. This paper shows a solution for finding path between nodes in mobile ad hoc network. The multipath routing protocol with Load Balancing (LB) provides a solution. The results of this algorithm shows better throughput as compared to existing result. In this paper, the result show the performance analysis of various load balancing algorithms based on different parameters. The analysis represents that static and dynamic both types of algorithm can have advancements as well as weaknesses. Deciding type of algorithm to be implemented will be based on type of parallel applications to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS).
Mobile Adhoc Networks is a collection of wireless mobile nodes, which form temporary networks without relying on any existing infrastructure or centralized administration or standard support services ...regularly available in wide area networks to which the host may normally be connected. In this paper the simulation results has been compared between previous & current approach for the correction and detection of Gray Hole attack in MANETs and all the results are taken by NS2 Simulator.
Mobile ad-hoc networks are known to make as their own network without any defined infrastructure. They can be rapidly vanished and rebuild again. There are some set of applications for MANETs which ...are diverse, ranging from small static networks that are constrained with the sources of power, large scale mobile, and highly dynamic nature networks. The great success in the working of mobile adhoc network varies on the cooperation of nodes for providing best services to the other nodes. Since mobile ad hoc networks make it possible for the devices to join or leave the domain without required permission, node in the domain cannot considered to be trusted Conventional security approaches do not address all concerns of ad hoc networks since both benign and malicious parties have full admission to communicate with peers. The wireless channel is accessible to both legitimate network users and malicious attackers. Attackers may intrude into the network through the subverted nodes. In spite of the dynamic nature, mobile users can use this network for anytime, anywhere services as a security purpose and as they are in motion from one place to another. In this research work, there are two techniques which are implemented: Generation of IP addresses virtually and Allocation of IP address virtually. In these techniques, research is based on implementation of virtual IP address on basis of above discussed algorithms. The technique proposes the methodology of allowing to generation and allocation of IP address virtually. The simulation results have demonstrated some important characteristic. This technique decreases the number of computations which are used in table i. e. every time there is no need to check from the table that whether this address is already allocated or not.
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