A 63-year-old male patient recovering from dengue came to our department for contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) for the evaluation of abdominal pain. An ultrasound performed in the ...periphery diagnosed him with a rectus abscess. The CECT evaluation done in our department clarified that the collection in his rectus sheath was hemorrhagic and not infective, as previously thought. The patient was managed conservatively and recovered without complications. Like most infectious diseases, dengue is a disease of tropical countries. System-wise data collection processes are inadequate in many developing countries, which means complications and adverse effects of common diseases are not adequately captured. Furthermore, resource limitations restrict the availability of more expensive diagnostic tests to central locations. Peripherally located regions with lower purchasing capacity have greater access to relatively inexpensive tests. This causes deficits in the management of some common disease entities, like dengue. Considering these issues, it is important to optimize healthcare testing for low-resource settings. This can only be achieved with adequate sensitization of healthcare providers in diagnosis and management.
An 18-year-old male subject was referred to our MRI scanning center, by an orthopedic surgeon, for a swelling over the plantar region of the foot. He had been in a motor vehicle accident a few weeks ...back, with no evidence of fracture at the time of injury. In subsequent weeks, he developed a swelling over his foot. MRI showed the presence of a fluid intensity lesion in the subdermal and dermal layers of his foot. Unguarded motor vehicle accidents often tend to cause severe injuries. Sometimes, they even need operative management since a motor vehicle collision is a high-impact accident. One of the pathologies caused by a high impact force is
the Morel-Lavallée lesion or a closed type of degloving injury. A Morel-Lavallee lesion also needs operative intervention if major vascular channels are involved in the degloving. However, if the major vessels supplying the region of degloving are intact, open surgery may not be needed. In such cases, incision and drainage along with serial wound dressing may be attempted. The primary risk in closed degloving is recurrent or subsequent tissue necrosis. Close and watchful monitoring is needed to anticipate and prevent these. Closed degloving injuries or Morel-Lavallée lesions have been commonly described in the thigh and pelvis region. Here, we describe a case that developed in the dermal and fascial layers of the foot and was managed conservatively. The epidermal layer showed regeneration, and the patient did not need subsequent amputation.
The study was undertaken to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing yield and its related traits using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from the popular rice hybrid, ...KRH-2 (IR58025A/KMR3R). A genetic map spanning 294.2 cM was constructed with 126 simple sequence repeats (SSR) loci uniformly distributed across the rice genome. QTL analysis using phenotyping and genotyping information identified a total of 22 QTLs. Of these, five major effect QTLs were identified for the following traits: total grain yield/plant (qYLD3-1), panicle weight (qPW3-1), plant height (qPH12-1), flag leaf width (qFLW4-1) and panicle length (qPL3-1), explaining 20.23-22.76% of the phenotypic variance with LOD scores range of 6.5-10.59. Few genomic regions controlling several traits (QTL hotspot) were identified on chromosome 3 for total grain yield/plant (qYLD3-1) and panicle length (qPL3-1). Significant epistatic interactions were also observed for total grain yield per plant (YLD) and panicle length (PL). While most of these QTLs were observed to be co-localized with the previously reported QTL regions, a novel, major QTL associated with panicle length (qPL3-1) was also identified. SNP genotyping of selected high and low yielding RILs and their QTL mapping with 1,082 SNPs validated most of the QTLs identified through SSR genotyping. This facilitated the identification of novel major effect QTLs with much better resolution and precision. In-silico analysis of novel QTLs revealed the biological functions of the putative candidate gene (s) associated with selected traits. Most of the high-yielding RILs possessing the major yield related QTLs were identified to be complete restorers, indicating their possible utilization in development of superior rice hybrids.
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Rice production is affected by many biotic and abiotic stresses; among them, bacterial blight (BB) and blast diseases and low soil phosphorous stress cause significant yield losses. The present study ...was carried out with the objective of combining the BB resistance gene, Xa21, the blast resistance gene, Pi54, and the low soil phosphorous tolerance QTL/gene, Pup1, into the genetic background of the Indian mega-rice variety, MTU1010 (Cottondora Sannalu), through marker-assisted pedigree breeding. RP5973-20-9-8-24-12-7 a near isogenic line (NIL) of MTU1010 possessing Pup1 and RP6132 a NIL of Akshayadhan possessing Xa21 + Pi54 were crossed and 'true' F1s were identified, using the target gene-specific markers and selfed. F2 plants, which are homozygous for all the three target genes/QTLs, were identified using PCR based markers and were advanced further through the pedigree method of breeding, with selection based on phenotypic traits specific for MTU1010. At the F5 generation, a set of 15 promising triple positive homozygous lines were identified and screened for their resistance against BB and blast diseases and tolerance to low soil P. Among them, two lines (LPK 30-18-16 and LPK 49-15-22) showed higher yields as compared to MTU1010, along with the desirable long slender grain type in both low soil P and normal soil P plots, and also exhibited high levels of resistance against BB and blast diseases, with lesser grain shattering as compared to MTU1010. These lines are being advanced for multi-location trials for validating their performance.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
An array of conjugated Imidazo1,2-apyridines were synthesized via a one-pot, pseudo-five-component reaction incorporating aryl aldehydes, malononitrile, thiophenol or phenol, and acetophenone or ...acetyl derivatives stimulated by Montmorillonite K10 clay as an eco-friendly catalyst. The entire procedure involves the formation of two new rings, three C-N bonds, two C-C bonds, and one C-X bond. This strategy enables quick green access to functionally multifaceted imidazo1,2-apyridine analogues while highlighting good yields, pure products, an expedient reaction condition, and the reusability of the catalyst up to two cycles. All of the synthesized compounds were characterized through
1
H,
13
C NMR, mass spectrometry, and infrared spectroscopy techniques.
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Bacterial blight disease of rice caused by
Xanthomonas oryzae
pv.
oryzae
(
Xoo
) is one of the most serious constraints in rice production. The most sustainable strategy to combat the disease is the ...deployment of host plant resistance. Earlier, we identified an introgression line, IR 75084-15-3-B-B, derived from
Oryza officinalis
possessing broad-spectrum resistance against
Xoo
. In order to understand the inheritance of resistance in the
O. officinalis
accession and identify genomic region(s) associated with resistance, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population was developed from the cross Samba Mahsuri (susceptible to bacterial blight) × IR 75084-15-3-B-B (resistant to bacterial blight). The F
2
population derived from the cross segregated in a phenotypic ratio of 3: 1 (resistant susceptible) implying that resistance in IR 75084-15-3-B-B is controlled by a single dominant gene/quantitative trait locus (QTL). In the F
7
generation, a set of 47 homozygous resistant lines and 47 homozygous susceptible lines was used to study the association between phenotypic data obtained through screening with
Xoo
and genotypic data obtained through analysis of 7K rice single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip. Through composite interval mapping, a major locus was detected in the midst of two flanking SNP markers, viz., Chr11.27817978 and Chr11.27994133, on chromosome 11L with a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 10.21 and 35.93% of phenotypic variation, and the locus has been named
Xa48t
.
In silico
search in the genomic region between the two markers flanking
Xa48t
identified 10 putatively expressed genes located in the region of interest. The quantitative expression and DNA sequence analysis of these genes from contrasting parents identified the
Os11g0687900
encoding an NB-ARC domain-containing protein as the most promising gene associated with resistance. Interestingly, a 16-bp insertion was noticed in the untranslated region (UTR) of the gene in the resistant parent, IR 75084-15-3-B-B, which was absent in Samba Mahsuri. The association of
Os11g0687900
with resistance phenotype was further established by sequence-based DNA marker analysis in the RIL population. A co-segregating PCR-based INDEL marker, Marker_Xa48, has been developed for use in the marker-assisted breeding of
Xa48t
.
Rice is the most important food crop worldwide and sustainable rice production is important for ensuring global food security. Biotic stresses limit rice production significantly and among them, ...bacterial blight (BB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is very important. BB reduces rice yields severely in the highly productive irrigated and rainfed lowland ecosystems and in recent years; the disease is spreading fast to other rice growing ecosystems as well. Being a vascular pathogen, Xoo interferes with a range of physiological and biochemical exchange processes in rice. The response of rice to Xoo involves specific interactions between resistance (R) genes of rice and avirulence (Avr) genes of Xoo, covering most of the resistance genes except the recessive ones. The genetic basis of resistance to BB in rice has been studied intensively, and at least 44 genes conferring resistance to BB have been identified, and many resistant rice cultivars and hybrids have been developed and released worldwide. However, the existence and emergence of new virulent isolates of Xoo in the realm of a rapidly changing climate necessitates identification of novel broad-spectrum resistance genes and intensification of gene-deployment strategies. This review discusses about the origin and occurrence of BB in rice, interactions between Xoo and rice, the important roles of resistance genes in plant’s defense response, the contribution of rice resistance genes toward development of disease resistance varieties, identification and characterization of novel, and broad-spectrum BB resistance genes from wild species of Oryza and also presents a perspective on potential strategies to achieve the goal of sustainable disease management.
To combat the dreaded diseases in rice like bacterial blight (BB) and blast, host plant resistance has been advocated as the most suitable and sustainable method. Through the present study, we have ...successfully incorporated three major BB resistance genes, namely
Xa21, xa13
and
xa5
into NLR3449, a high yielding, blast resistant, fine-grain type, popular rice variety through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Foreground selection was carried out using polymerase chain reaction based, gene-specific markers, namely pTA248 (
Xa21
), xa13prom (
xa13
) and xa5FM (
xa5
) at each generation of backcrossing, while 127 polymorphic SSR markers spanning on 12 chromosomes were used for background selection and backcrossing was limited to two rounds. At BC
2
F
1
generation, a single plant (NLR-87-10) with 89.9% recovery, possessing all the three BB resistance genes was forwarded to BC
2
F
2
generation. A solitary BC
2
F
2
plant, namely NLR-87-10-106 possessing all the three resistance genes and 96% genome recovery was identified and advanced through selfing until BC
2
F
4
generation by adopting pedigree-method of selection. Three best BC
2
F
4
lines, possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast, and equivalent or superior to NLR 34449 in terms of yield, grain quality and agro-morphological traits were identified and advanced for multi-location trials.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background
Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) is an elite, high-yielding, bacterial blight resistant, fine-grained rice variety with low glycaemic index. It is highly sensitive to salt stress, particularly ...at seedling stage, which significantly reduces its yield potential in coastal areas. A salinity tolerant QTL
, Saltol,
associated with seedling stage tolerance was previously mapped on chromosome 1 (10.6–11.5 Mb) from the Indian landrace, Pokkali and is effective in different genetic backgrounds. The objective of this study was to enhance salinity tolerance of ISM by incorporating the
Saltol
QTL through marker-assisted backcross breeding using the breeding line, FL478 (Pokkali/IR29).
Results
Foreground selection was carried out at each generation using five
Saltol-
specific markers and three bacterial blight resistance genes,
Xa21, xa13
and
xa5
. Background selection was conducted using 66 well distributed polymorphic SSR markers and at the BC
3
F
2
generation, a single plant with maximum recurrent parent genome recovery (95.3%) was identified and advanced to the BC
3
F
4
generation. Based on bacterial blight resistance, seedling stage salinity tolerance and resemblance to ISM, four advanced breeding lines were selected for testing in replicated experiments near Hyderabad, India. A promising near-isogenic line, DRR Dhan 58, was evaluated in multi-location trials-coastal salinity and it showed significant salinity tolerance, resistance to bacterial blight disease, high yield and excellent grain quality during the 2019 and 2020 trials. DRR Dhan 58 was 95.1% similar to ISM based on genotyping with the 90 K SNP chip. Whole genome resequencing analysis of Pokkali and FL478 which were salinity tolerant checks, ISM and DRR Dhan 58 showed a high degree of relatedness with respect to the candidate gene loci for
Saltol
and
OsSKC1
(
Shoot K
+
Concentration 1
).
Conclusion
DRR Dhan 58, possessing
Saltol
and three bacterial blight resistance genes (
Xa21, xa13
and
xa5
) in the genetic background of the Indian mega-variety of rice, Samba Mahsuri, was developed for potential cultivation in areas prone to seedling stage salinity, as well as areas with endemic bacterial blight disease. This entry had a 24% yield advantage over the recurrent parent ISM under coastal saline conditions in multi-location trials and was recently released for commercial cultivation in India.
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One-step synthesis of multifaceted heterocycles employing multicomponent reactions (MCRs) corresponds to a viable, innovative, and prospective strategy. In recognition of their noteworthy ...physiological, biological, and pharmacological behavior, 2-aminopyridines secure an exceptional spot among heterocycles. The current analysis comprises an overview of the scientific literature concerning the multicomponent reactions of substituted 2-aminopyridine synthesis. The stipulated outcomes have been thoroughly categorized according to the number and nature of the components. The past 11 years of literary work (2011–2022) are specifically incorporated. This review article will assist in advancing the development of cutting-edge and enhanced approaches towards the synthesis of 2-aminopyridines and their counterparts.
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