Atmospheric muons play an important role in underwater/ice neutrino detectors. In this paper, a parameterisation of the flux of single and multiple muon events, their lateral distribution and of ...their energy spectrum is presented. The kinematics parameters were modelled starting from a full Monte Carlo simulation of the interaction of primary cosmic rays with atmospheric nuclei; secondary muons reaching the sea level were propagated in the deep water. The parametric formulas are valid for a vertical depth of 1.5–5
km.w.e. and up to 85° for the zenith angle, and can be used as input for a fast simulation of atmospheric muons in underwater/ice detectors.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A new detector for glaciers melting monitoring through muon tomography Cervelli, A.; Rabaglia, S.; Sioli, M.
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
July 2024, 2024-07-00, Volume:
1064
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We present a design project for a muon tomography detector aiming to the monitoring of glacier thickness. The glacier melting process is not completely understood and is considered a hot topic in ...context of global warming. Muon Tomography is a widely used technique, employed to perform imaging of the inner structure of large objects, as volcanoes, container, and pyramids. This technique takes advantages of the muon flux reaching Earth surface (∼70m−2s−1sr−1). In case of glaciers, thanks to the different density of ice and rock, a directional flux measurement provides information on the bedrock-ice interface depth. The goal of our project is the development of a detector able to measure the glacier thickness with short exposure time, and with a real time data taking and processing, in order to perform studies of the seasonal behavior, and the glacier melting trend through the years. The detector will also be operable in open-sky and be replicable. The foreseen design of the detector is based on scintillation fibers disposed organized in layers, and read by SiPMs driven by FERS boards (A5202), developed by CAEN S.p.A., that both supply and read the detectors. In this contribution, we show the results of a set of simulations aimed to optimize the detector design, and the foreseen performances of the proposed detector. The angular resolution of the reconstructed muon tracks will be shown considering different configuration of the detector, together with a study of the dependence of the angular resolution with respect to the direction of the incoming particle. We will present also the result of the tests on the read-out chain, that are performed in collaboration with CAEN S.p.A.. Finally, we also present the results of a full simulation that includes the detector and the profile of a real mountain.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The use of nuclear emulsions in very large physics experiments is now possible thanks to the recent improvements in the industrial production of emulsions and to the development of fast automated ...microscopes. In this paper the hardware performances of the
European Scanning System (ESS) are described. The ESS is a very fast automatic system developed for the mass scanning of the emulsions of the OPERA experiment, which requires microscopes with scanning speeds of
∼
20
cm
2
/
h
in an emulsion volume of
44
μ
m
thickness.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We present a review of past measurements of the vertical atmospheric muon charge ratio above 1 TeV. In particular we focus on the latest OPERA data which confirm with a higher statistical ...significance a drop of the charge ratio above ∼3 TeV. We attempt to interpret the result in terms of possible physical mechanisms that could manifest itself in this energy region.
The technique of nuclear emulsions for high-energy physics experiments is being revived, thanks to the remarkable progress in measurement automation achieved in the past years. The present paper ...describes the features and performances of the
European Scanning System, a last-generation automatic microscope working at a scanning speed of
20
cm
2
/
h
. The system has been developed in the framework of the OPERA experiment, designed to unambigously detect
ν
μ
→
ν
τ
oscillations in nuclear emulsions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The aim of this paper is to provide a historical perspective on the main experimental steps which led to the current picture of neutrino oscillations in the “atmospheric parameter region.” In the ...1980s a deficit of atmospheric muon neutrinos was observed with the first generation of underground experiments. In the following decade new experiments provided fundamental results which led to the discovery claims in 1998. At the beginning of the new century neutrino beams of medium and high energy became available and several long baseline experiments were performed and added new information to the atmospheric neutrino puzzle. The interpretation of the results of atmospheric and long baseline neutrino experiments was in terms of dominant νμ→ντ oscillations. Short recollections are made of the SNO solar neutrino measurements, of the results with neutrino telescopes, and of reactor neutrinos to measure sin2θ13. Over the years the phenomenological picture improved in completeness and increased in complexity. A short perspective concludes the paper.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Improving the detection efficiency in nuclear emulsion trackers Alexandrov, A.; Bozza, C.; Buonaura, A. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2015, Volume:
776
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Nuclear emulsion films are a tracking device with unique space resolution. Their use in nowadays large-scale experiments relies on the availability of automated microscope operating at very high ...speed. In this paper we describe the features and the latest improvements of the European Scanning System, a last-generation automated microscope for emulsion scanning. In particular, we present a new method for the recovery of tracking inefficiencies. Stacks of double coated emulsion films have been exposed to a 10GeV/c pion beam. Efficiencies as high as 98% have been achieved for minimum ionising particle tracks perpendicular to the emulsion films and of 93% for tracks with tan(θ)≃0.8.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The energy spectrum of neutrino-induced upward-going muons in MACRO has been analysed in terms of relativity principles violating effects, keeping standard mass-induced atmospheric neutrino ...oscillations as the dominant source of νμ→ντ transitions. The data disfavor these exotic possibilities even at a subdominant level, and stringent 90% C.L. limits are placed on the Lorentz invariance violation parameter |Δv|<6×10−24 at sin2θv=0 and |Δv|<2.5–5×10−26 at sin2θv=±1. These limits can also be re-interpreted as upper bounds on the parameters describing violation of the equivalence principle.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
We present the first automated momentum measurement in an Emulsion Cloud Chamber, consisting of multiple sandwiches of lead plates and nuclear emulsion sheets. The measurement is based on the ...detection of the multiple Coulomb scattering analysed by the so-called angular method. A 3
X
0 chamber was exposed to 2, 3 and
4
GeV/c
π
−. A pion momentum resolution of 36% at
4
GeV/c
, 35% at
3
GeV/c
and 28% for
2
GeV/c
was achieved.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The OPERA experiment was designed to search for ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} oscillations in appearance mode, i.e., by detecting the τ leptons produced in charged current ν_{τ} interactions. The experiment took data ...from 2008 to 2012 in the CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso beam. The observation of the ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} appearance, achieved with four candidate events in a subsample of the data, was previously reported. In this Letter, a fifth ν_{τ} candidate event, found in an enlarged data sample, is described. Together with a further reduction of the expected background, the candidate events detected so far allow us to assess the discovery of ν_{μ}→ν_{τ} oscillations in appearance mode with a significance larger than 5σ.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
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