We formally introduce 14 new high-level stratigraphic names to augment existing names and to hierarchically organise all of New Zealand's onland and offshore Cambrian-Holocene rocks and ...unconsolidated deposits. The two highest-level units are Austral Superprovince (new) and Zealandia Megasequence (new). These encompass all stratigraphic units of the country's Cambrian-Early Cretaceous basement rocks and Late Cretaceous-Holocene cover rocks and sediments, respectively. Most high-level constituents of the Austral Superprovince are in current and common usage: Eastern and Western Provinces consist of 12 tectonostratigraphic terranes, 10 igneous suites, 5 batholiths and Haast Schist. Ferrar, Tarpaulin and Jaquiery suites (new) have been added to existing plutonic suites to describe all known compositional variation in the Tuhua Intrusives. Zealandia Megasequence consists of five predominantly sedimentary, partly unconformity-bounded units and one igneous unit. Momotu and Haerenga supergroups (new) comprise lowermost rift to passive margin (terrestrial to marine transgressive) rock units. Waka Supergroup (new) includes rocks related to maximum marine flooding linked to passive margin culmination in the east and onset of new tectonic subsidence in the west. Māui and Pākihi supergroups (new) comprise marine to terrestrial regressive rock and sediment units deposited during Neogene plate convergence. Rūaumoko Volcanic Region (new) is introduced to include all igneous rocks of the Zealandia Megasequence and contains the geochemically differentiated Whakaari, Horomaka and Te Raupua supersuites (new). Our new scheme, Litho2014, provides a complete, high-level stratigraphic classification for the continental crust of the New Zealand region.
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Modular neck femoral stems Krishnan, H; Krishnan, S P; Blunn, G ...
The bone & joint journal,
08/2013, Volume:
95-B, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Following the recall of modular neck hip stems in July 2012, research into femoral modularity will intensify over the next few years. This review aims to provide surgeons with an up-to-date summary ...of the clinically relevant evidence. The development of femoral modularity, and a classification system, is described. The theoretical rationale for modularity is summarised and the clinical outcomes are explored. The review also examines the clinically relevant problems reported following the use of femoral stems with a modular neck. Joint replacement registries in the United Kingdom and Australia have provided data on the failure rates of modular devices but cannot identify the mechanism of failure. This information is needed to determine whether modular neck femoral stems will be used in the future, and how we should monitor patients who already have them implanted.
BACKGROUND:We designed a prospective, single-center study to assess whether blood metal ion levels could predict implant failure in patients managed with unilateral metal-on-metal hip resurfacing or ...total hip arthroplasty.
METHODS:Five hundred and ninety-seven patients who had received unilateral Articular Surface Replacement prostheses at least twelve months earlier were recruited. Blood metal ion levels were compared between the group of patients with failed implants and the group with non-failed implants. Implant failure was defined as prostheses associated with revision, an intention to revise, or poor patient-reported hip function (Oxford Hip Score, <31 of 48). Specificity, sensitivity, area under the curve, positive and negative predictive values, and odds ratios were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify other risk factors for implant failure.
RESULTS:Patients with failed arthroplasty had significantly higher blood cobalt and chromium ion levels than did patients with non-failed arthroplasty (p < 0.01). Blood cobalt ion levels were disproportionately raised in patients with failed total hip arthroplasty (8.2 μg/L) compared with patients with failed hip resurfacing (2.5 μg/L) (p = 0.018). Blood chromium ion levels were not significantly different in patients with failed total hip arthroplasty and failed hip resurfacing (p = 0.058). The maximum value of either metal ion had good discriminant ability to predict implant failure (area under the curve, 0.76). A 7-μg/L cutoff had a positive predictive value of 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.82) and a negative predictive value of 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 0.86). In patients managed with total hip arthroplasty, for each increase of 1 μg/L there was a 23% (p < 0.001) increase in the odds of them being in the failed group. For patients managed with hip resurfacing, the increase in odds was 5% (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS:Raised levels of blood metal ions were associated with failed metal-on-metal hip resurfacings and total hip arthroplasties. A threshold level of 7 μg/L had inadequate sensitivity to be used in isolation as a screening test for implant failure, but it provided nearly optimal misclassification rates. No level had a perfect positive predictive value, and so we discourage surgeons from performing revision surgery based on blood metal ion levels alone. Levels of cobalt ions were raised out of proportion to levels of chromium ions in failed total hip arthroplasty and may reflect a different mechanism for metal ion generation.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Geologic mapping of the northern plains of Mars, based on Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter topography and Viking and Mars Orbiter Camera images, reveals new insights into geologic processes and events in ...this region during the Hesperian and Amazonian Periods. We propose four successive stages of lowland resurfacing likely related to the activity of near‐surface volatiles commencing at the highland‐lowland boundary (HLB) and progressing to lower topographic levels as follows (highest elevations indicated): Stage 1, upper boundary plains, Early Hesperian, <−2.0 to −2.9 km; Stage 2, lower boundary plains and outflow channel dissection, Late Hesperian, <−2.7 to −4.0 km; Stage 3, Vastitas Borealis Formation (VBF) surface, Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian, <−3.1 to −4.1 km; and Stage 4, local chaos zones, Early Amazonian, <−3.8 to −5.0 km. At Acidalia Mensa, Stage 2 and 3 levels may be lower (<−4.4 and −4.8 km, respectively). Contractional ridges form the dominant structure in the plains and developed from near the end of the Early Hesperian to the Early Amazonian. Geomorphic evidence for a northern‐plains‐filling ocean during Stage 2 is absent because one did not form or its evidence was destroyed by Stage 3 resurfacing. Remnants of possible Amazonian dust mantles occur on top of the VBF. The north polar layered deposits appear to be made up of an up to kilometer‐thick lower sequence of sandy layers Early to Middle Amazonian in age overlain by Late Amazonian ice‐rich dust layers; both units appear to have outliers, suggesting that they once were more extensive.
Microdeletions within chromosome 15q13.3 are associated both with a recently recognised syndrome of mental retardation, seizures, and dysmorphic features, and with schizophrenia.
Based on routine ...diagnostic testing of approximately 8200 samples using array comparative genomic hybridisation, we identified 20 individuals (14 children and six parents in 12 families) with microdeletions of 15q13.3. Phenotypes in the children included developmental delay, mental retardation, or borderline IQ in most and autistic spectrum disorder (6/14), speech delay, aggressiveness, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and other behavioural problems. Both parents were available in seven families, and the deletion was de novo in one, inherited from an apparently normal parent in four, and inherited from a parent with learning disability and bipolar disorder in two families. Of the 14 children, six in five families were adopted, and DNA was available for only one of these 10 biological parents; the deletion was very likely inherited for one of these families with two affected children. Among the unavailable parents, two mothers were described as having mental retardation, another mother as having "mental illness", and one father as having schizophrenia. We hypothesise that some of the unavailable parents have the deletion.
The occurrence of increased adoption, frequent autism, bipolar disorder, and lack of penetrance are noteworthy findings in individuals with deletion 15q13.3. A high rate of adoption may be related to the presence of the deletion in biological parents. Unconfirmed histories of antisocial behaviours in unavailable biological parents raise the concern that future research may show that deletion 15q13.3 is associated with such behaviours.
In the Phase III PATRICIA study (NCT00122681), the human papillomavirus (HPV)‐16/18 AS04‐adjuvanted vaccine (Cervarix®, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) was highly efficacious against HPV‐16/18 ...infections and precancerous lesions in women HPV‐16/18 deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) negative and seronegative at baseline. We present further data on vaccine efficacy (VE) against HPV‐16/18 in the total vaccinated cohort including women who may have been exposed to HPV‐16/18 infection before vaccination. In women with no evidence of current or previous HPV‐16/18 infection (DNA negative and seronegative), VE was 90.3% (96.1% confidence interval: 87.3–92.6) against 6‐month persistent infection (PI), 91.9% (84.6–96.2) against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)1+ and 94.6% (86.3–98.4) against CIN2+ 97.7% (91.1–99.8) when using the HPV type assignment algorithm (TAA). In women HPV‐16/18 DNA negative but with serological evidence of previous HPV‐16/18 infection (seropositive), VE was 72.3% (53.0–84.5) against 6‐month PI, 67.2% (10.9–89.9) against CIN1+, and 68.8% (−28.3–95.0) against CIN2+ 88.5% (10.8–99.8) when using TAA. In women with no evidence of current HPV‐16/18 infection (DNA negative), regardless of their baseline HPV‐16/18 serological status, VE was 88.7% (85.7–91.1) against 6‐month PI, 89.1% (81.6–94.0) against CIN1+ and 92.4% (84.0–97.0) against CIN2+ 97.0% (90.6–99.5) when using TAA. In women who were DNA positive for one vaccine type, the vaccine was efficacious against the other vaccine type. The vaccine did not impact the outcome of HPV‐16/18 infections present at the time of vaccination. Vaccination was generally well tolerated regardless of the woman's HPV‐16/18 DNA or serological status at entry.
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Background
Poor dietary intake increases disease risk, and poor sleep influences diet. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of intervention studies aimed to evaluate the effect of sleep health on ...dietary intake in adults.
Methods
Five online databases were used to identify studies published between 1970 and 2019. Included studies were interventions that modified sleep and reported dietary outcomes.
Results
Fifty four full texts were assessed and 24 publications were included. Following risk of bias appraisal, data were narratively summarised and a sub‐group of studies (n = 15) was meta‐analysed to determine the effect of sleep on dietary intake. One intervention modified sleep timing and 23 modified duration. Sleep duration was partially restricted (≤5.5 h night–1) (n = 16), totally restricted (n = 4), partially and totally restricted (n = 1), and extended (n = 2). Dietary outcomes were energy intake (n = 24), carbohydrate, fat, protein intake (n = 20), single nutrient intake (n = 5), diet quality (n = 1) and food types (n = 1). Meta‐analysis indicated partial sleep restriction results in higher energy intake in intervention compared with control standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21–0.52; P < 0.001, with a mean difference of 204 kcal (95% CI = 112–295; P < 0.001) in daily energy intake, and a higher percentage of energy from fat, protein, carbohydrate (fat: SMD = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.16–0.51; P < 0.001; protein: SMD = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12–0.47, P = 0.001; carbohydrate: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.04–0.39, P = 0.014).
Conclusions
Partial sleep restriction with duration of ≤5.5 h day–1 increases daily energy intake, as well as fat, protein and carbohydrate intake. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between other dimensions of sleep health and dietary intake.
Poor dietary intake increases disease risk, and poor sleep influences diet. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of sleep health on dietary intake in adults. Twenty‐four publications were identified. One intervention modified sleep timing and 23 modified duration. Meta‐analysis indicated partial sleep restriction (≤5.5 h) results in higher energy intake in intervention compared to control standardised mean difference (SMD) = 0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21–0.52; P < 0.001, with a mean difference of 204 kcal (95% CI = 112–295; P < 0.001) in daily energy intake, and a higher percentage of energy from fat, protein, carbohydrate (fat: SMD = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.16–0.51; P < 0.001; protein: SMD = 0.30, 95% CI =0.12–0.47, P = 0.001; carbohydrate: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.04–0.39, P = 0.014). Further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between other dimensions of sleep health and dietary intake.
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Atomic scale simulations have been used to investigate the impact of co-doping (yttrium and gadolinium) and strain on oxygen diffusion and binding of dopant–vacancy clusters in ceria. Doped ceria in ...its relaxed or strained form is used as an electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cell applications. For unstrained co-doped ceria we calculate an activation energy for migration of 0.70–0.75eV in the temperature range of 973–1873K. Co-doping with yttrium and gadolinium only affected oxide ion diffusion to a small degree when compared to single doping. The diffusion coefficient was substantially increased by tensile strain while compressive strain caused a decrease. To gain further insight why tensile strain leads to higher diffusivity static simulations were employed. It is calculated that tensile strain reduces the binding energies of clusters between oxygen vacancies and trivalent dopant atoms while compressive strain leads to higher binding energies.
► Compressive strain leads to lower diffusivity and tensile strain to higher diffusivity. ► Tensile strain reduces the binding energies of clusters between oxygen vacancies and dopant atoms. ► Compressive strain leads to higher binding energies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The effect of Mo doping on the crystal structure and thermal, electrical, and electrochemical properties of the SrCo1–x Mo x O3−δ (x = 0.05, 0.1) system has been studied. The introduction of Mo as a ...substitution for Co in SrCoO3−δ leads to a change from a hexagonal to a tetragonal perovskite structure at room temperature. The electrical conductivity is largely enhanced by the introduction of Mo at intermediate temperature due to the stabilization of the 3D-perovskite structure. However, the increase in Mo content decreases the total conductivity probably due to partial disruption of the electronic pathway. The use of these materials as cathodes in a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and as anodes in a solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE) has been evaluated, showing low values of electrode polarization resistances in both configurations over the intermediate temperature range. Interestingly, better performance was obtained under anodic polarization conditions reaching overpotential values as low as 28 mV for a current density of 210 mA·cm–2 at 700 °C. The good performance of the SrCo1–x Mo x O3−δ compounds in both cathodic and anodic conditions makes this system a promising candidate for reversible oxygen electrodes in cells that could operate as both SOFC and SOE.
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