Punished death Smirnov, Igor
Filozofija i društvo (Zbornik radova),
2022, Volume:
33, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The article attempts to interpret violence as a struggle against death,
carried out by its own means. In emancipating himself from dependence on
nature, man generates in his creative ?lan his own ...universe of socioculture,
equivalent to the natural world. Death, however, cannot receive any
constructive substitution, trampled by death itself. Violence in our social
life prevents the negation, with which the presence of the Other threatens
us. By confron?tation with the Other, we reach our final frontier.
Abstract
Many types of detectors, such as cathode strip chambers and some MPGDs, allow us to
reconstruct track positions by induced strip charges. There are two main types of algebraic
methods for ...this reconstruction: center of gravity methods and little-known differential methods.
General formulas for differential methods are derived. Their performance is compared with the
performance of center of gravity methods. It is shown that the differential methods are better
than the previously known center of gravity methods, but the improved center of gravity methods
provide results similar to the results of differential methods.
This article analyses the academic work of historian and philosopher G. P. Fedotov in terms of his philosophical and methodological principles and proposes a thesis that a culture-centred approach ...served as a foundation for his own historiosophy. This philosopher interpreted the historical process primarily as a creative self-expression of peoples represented in their culture, which he characterised as a “growth of national consciousness”. The key idea is a national tradition; Fedotov posited its revitalisation in contemporary nation-states of Europe. He ascribed particular significance to the language and among other things pointed to the contradictory role of the Slavonic language of the liturgy and of Old Russian literature in Russian history. Prominent place in Fedotov’s academic interests is occupied by civilisational fractures of Russian history and by the issue of cultural unity and transmission of legacy within the national tradition. The article points to the conceptual link between Fedotov’s ideas and the Russia-specifi c thought, domestic Russian cognitive tradition. Belonging to the latter is expressed in such elements of his philosophy as attention to the problem of personality and to the theory of freedom, opposing culture and civilisation, integrated view of the history of humankind, literature-centred approach, denial of linear logic of determinated progress, rejection of the hedonistic explanation of man as a subject in history, criticism of rationalism, economism, individualism, etc. Fedotov not only successfully applied his cultural and historical theory to the history of Russia, but also efficiently used it in specualtions about the future, about the time after the change of the political system. He linked the future fate of the country with a successful solution to the national problem, which he thought to be possible only if founded on the integrating mission of Russian culture; he anticipated and in a number of cases accurately predicted dramatic processes typical of the present day.
Abstract
Dual- and triple-wavelength diode-side-pumped electro-optically Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1318.8 nm, 1338.2 nm and 1356.4 nm with an intracavity etalon was demonstrated. The spectral ...composition of the generation was controlled by the rotation of the intracavity YAG etalon with a thickness of 100
µ
m. The experimental values of the tilt angle of the etalon for the laser generation with dual- and triple-wavelength output correspond well to the calculated values. When pumped by the electrical pulses with an energy of 8.7 J, triple-wavelength laser pulses with an energy of 96 mJ, a pulse duration of 37 ns, a peak power up to 2.6 MW and a repetition rate of 100 Hz were obtained. The proposed method of using an intracavity etalon allows to switch the spectral composition of the output radiation of Nd:YAG laser at
4
F
3/2
→
4
I
13/2
transition between single-, dual- and triple-wavelength modes.
Despite the established dogma of central nervous system (CNS) immune privilege, neuroimmune interactions play an active role in diverse neurological disorders. However, the precise mechanisms ...underlying CNS immune surveillance remain elusive; particularly, the anatomical sites where peripheral adaptive immunity can sample CNS-derived antigens and the cellular and molecular mediators orchestrating this surveillance. Here, we demonstrate that CNS-derived antigens in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulate around the dural sinuses, are captured by local antigen-presenting cells, and are presented to patrolling T cells. This surveillance is enabled by endothelial and mural cells forming the sinus stromal niche. T cell recognition of CSF-derived antigens at this site promoted tissue resident phenotypes and effector functions within the dural meninges. These findings highlight the critical role of dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface, where brain antigens are surveyed under steady-state conditions, and shed light on age-related dysfunction and neuroinflammatory attack in animal models of multiple sclerosis.
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•CNS-derived antigens accumulate at dural sinuses and are captured by dural APCs•Dural sinus-associated APCs present CSF-borne antigens to patrolling T cells•The dural sinus stroma orchestrates T cell trafficking•Immune hubs along dural sinuses allow CNS immunosurveillance
Rustenhoven et al. identify the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface, where patrolling T cells survey brain- and CSF-derived antigens to enable CNS immune surveillance. This niche is altered during aging and neuroinflammation and may represent a new therapeutic target for neurological diseases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Peripherally derived macrophages infiltrate the brain after bone marrow transplantation and during central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. It was initially suggested that these engrafting cells ...were newly derived microglia and that irradiation was essential for engraftment to occur. However, it remains unclear whether brain-engrafting macrophages (beMφs) acquire a unique phenotype in the brain, whether long-term engraftment may occur without irradiation, and whether brain function is affected by the engrafted cells. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic, partial microglia depletion is sufficient for beMφs to populate the niche and that the presence of beMφs does not alter behavior. Furthermore, beMφs maintain a unique functional and transcriptional identity as compared with microglia. Overall, this study establishes beMφs as a unique CNS cell type and demonstrates that therapeutic engraftment of beMφs may be possible with irradiation-free conditioning regimens.
One of the characteristics of the central nervous system is the lack of a classical lymphatic drainage system. Although it is now accepted that the central nervous system undergoes constant immune ...surveillance that takes place within the meningeal compartment, the mechanisms governing the entrance and exit of immune cells from the central nervous system remain poorly understood. In searching for T-cell gateways into and out of the meninges, we discovered functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses. These structures express all of the molecular hallmarks of lymphatic endothelial cells, are able to carry both fluid and immune cells from the cerebrospinal fluid, and are connected to the deep cervical lymph nodes. The unique location of these vessels may have impeded their discovery to date, thereby contributing to the long-held concept of the absence of lymphatic vasculature in the central nervous system. The discovery of the central nervous system lymphatic system may call for a reassessment of basic assumptions in neuroimmunology and sheds new light on the aetiology of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases associated with immune system dysfunction.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This article presents a developed motion control system for a robotic platform based on laser-ranging methods, a graph traversal algorithm and the search for the optimal path. The algorithm was ...implemented in an agricultural building and in the field. As a result, the most efficient algorithm for finding the optimal path (A*) for the robotic platform was chosen when performing various technological operations. In the Rviz visualization environment, a program code was developed for planning the movement path and setting the points of the movement trajectory in real time. To find the optimal navigation graph in an artificial garden, an application was developed using the C# programming language and Visual Studio 2019. The results of the experiments showed that field conditions can differ significantly from laboratory conditions, while the positioning accuracy is significantly lower. The statistical processing of the experimental data showed that, for the movement of a robotic platform along a given trajectory in the field, the most effective conditions are as follows: speed: 2.5 km/h; illumination: 109,600 lux; distance to the tree: 0.5 m. An analysis of the operating parameters of the LiDAR sensor showed that it provides a high degree of positioning accuracy under various lighting conditions at various speeds in the aisles of a garden 3 m wide with an inter-stem distance of 1.5 m and a tree crown width of 0.5 m. The use of sensors-rangefinders of the optical range-allows for the performance of positional movements of the robotic platform and ensures the autonomous performance of the basic technological operations of the units in intensive gardens with a deviation from the specified trajectory of no more than 8.4 cm, which meets the agrotechnical requirements.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by invasion of the brain by autoreactive T cells. The mechanism for how T cells acquire their encephalitogenic phenotype and ...trigger disease remains, however, unclear. The existence of lymphatic vessels in the meninges indicates a relevant link between the CNS and peripheral immune system, perhaps affecting autoimmunity. Here we demonstrate that meningeal lymphatics fulfill two critical criteria: they assist in the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid components and enable immune cells to enter draining lymph nodes in a CCR7-dependent manner. Unlike other tissues, meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells do not undergo expansion during inflammation, and they express a unique transcriptional signature. Notably, the ablation of meningeal lymphatics diminishes pathology and reduces the inflammatory response of brain-reactive T cells during an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Our findings demonstrate that meningeal lymphatics govern inflammatory processes and immune surveillance of the CNS and pose a valuable target for therapeutic intervention.
The meninges contain adaptive immune cells that provide immunosurveillance of the central nervous system (CNS). These cells are thought to derive from the systemic circulation. Through single-cell ...analyses, confocal imaging, bone marrow chimeras, and parabiosis experiments, we show that meningeal B cells derive locally from the calvaria, which harbors a bone marrow niche for hematopoiesis. B cells reach the meninges from the calvaria through specialized vascular connections. This calvarial-meningeal path of B cell development may provide the CNS with a constant supply of B cells educated by CNS antigens. Conversely, we show that a subset of antigen-experienced B cells that populate the meninges in aging mice are blood-borne. These results identify a private source for meningeal B cells, which may help maintain immune privilege within the CNS.
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