Background:
Rodeo is a globally popular sport, with its athletes prone to various types of injuries. There is no systematic review discussing rodeo injuries across all age groups.
Purpose:
To (1) ...review the published literature on incidence, types of injuries, and factors leading to injuries in rodeo athletes; (2) provide prevention recommendations for health care providers; and (3) identify gaps in the research.
Study Design:
Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.
Methods:
A comprehensive search of available literature was electronically performed through MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus databases using the key terms “rodeo” and “injury” or “trauma” between 1995 and 2021. A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, which identified 116 eligible studies. Outcome data included frequency of injuries, risk factors for injury, and types of injury.
Results:
A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria (N = 2105 athletes), of which 13 were retrospective studies. In the included studies, the injury rate per competition exposure (CE) ranged from 4.2 to 19.1 injuries per 1000 CE. Sprains and strains accounted for the highest percentage of injury types, ranging from 15% to 34%. The knee was the most common location of injury, making up 11.1% to 17% of injuries. Concussions occurred in up to 15.3% of injuries for all events and up to 77% of injuries in roughstock events. Of all rodeo events reported, bull riding caused the highest percentage of injuries, making up 19.4% to 58.4% of injuries, and bareback had the second highest at 15.3% to 28.8% of injuries.
Conclusion:
There was a high prevalence of various injury types and mechanisms in rodeo. Improved injury surveillance and the introduction of a comprehensive standardized injury reporting system would be helpful in the future prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of rodeo injuries.
Genome-wide evaluations of genetic diversity and population structure are important for informing management and conservation of trailing-edge populations. North American moose (
Alces alces
) are ...declining along portions of the southern edge of their range due to disease, species interactions, and marginal habitat, all of which may be exacerbated by climate change. We employed a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach in an effort to collect baseline information on the genetic variation of moose inhabiting the species’ southern range periphery in the contiguous United States. We identified 1920 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 155 moose representing three subspecies from five states:
A. a. americana
(New Hampshire),
A. a. andersoni
(Minnesota), and
A. a. shirasi
(Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming). Molecular analyses supported three geographically isolated clusters, congruent with currently recognized subspecies. Additionally, while moderately low genetic diversity was observed, there was little evidence of inbreeding. Results also indicated > 20% shared ancestry proportions between
A. a. shirasi
samples from northern Montana and
A. a. andersoni
samples from Minnesota, indicating a putative hybrid zone warranting further investigation. GBS has proven to be a simple and effective method for genome-wide SNP discovery in moose and provides robust data for informing herd management and conservation priorities. With increasing disease, predation, and climate related pressure on range edge moose populations in the United States, the use of SNP data to identify gene flow between subspecies may prove a powerful tool for moose management and recovery, particularly if hybrid moose are more able to adapt.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Species distribution models (SDMs) are an increasingly important tool for conservation particularly for difficult‐to‐study locations and with understudied fauna. Our aims were to (1) use SDMs and ...ensemble SDMs to predict the distribution of freshwater mussels in the Pánuco River Basin in Central México; (2) determine habitat factors shaping freshwater mussel occurrence; and (3) use predicted occupancy across a range of taxa to identify freshwater mussel biodiversity hotspots to guide conservation and management. In the Pánuco River Basin, we modeled the distributions of 11 freshwater mussel species using an ensemble approach, wherein multiple SDM methodologies were combined to create a single ensemble map of predicted occupancy. A total of 621 species‐specific observations at 87 sites were used to create species‐specific ensembles. These predictive species ensembles were then combined to create local diversity hotspot maps. Precipitation during the warmest quarter, elevation, and mean temperature were consistently the most important discriminatory environmental variables among species, whereas land use had limited influence across all taxa. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first freshwater mussel‐focused research to use an ensemble approach to determine species distribution and predict biodiversity hotspots. Our study can be used to guide not only current conservation efforts but also prioritize areas for future conservation and study.
This research article evaluates the utility of multi‐model ensemble species distribution models (ESDMs) to predict occupancy in regions where there is limited distribution and environmental data. Our study focuses on freshwater mussels, which are globally imperiled, in the Pánuco River Basin in central México, a region considered one of 25 biodiversity hotspots in the world. We identified climate and landscape factors that were helpful for explaining occupancy and should be useful for conservationists in this region interested in better understanding how climate change and flow contribute to mussel persistence.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Population genomics has significantly increased our ability to make inferences about microevolutionary processes and demographic histories, which have the potential to improve protection and recovery ...of imperiled species. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) represent one of the most imperiled groups of organisms globally. Despite systemic decline of mussel abundance and diversity, studies evaluating spatiotemporal changes in distribution, demographic histories, and ecological factors that threaten long‐term persistence of imperiled species remain lacking. In this study, we use genotype‐by‐sequencing (GBS) and mitochondrial sequence data (mtDNA) to define conservation units (CUs) for two highly imperiled freshwater mussel species, Potamilus amphichaenus and Potamilus streckersoni. We then synthesize our molecular findings with details from field collections spanning from 1901 to 2019 to further elucidate distributional trends, contemporary status, and other factors that may be contributing to population declines for our focal species. We collected GBS and mtDNA data for individuals of P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni from freshwater mussel collections in the Brazos, Neches, Sabine, and Trinity drainages ranging from 2012 to 2019. Molecular analyses resolved disputing number of genetic clusters within P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni; however, we find defensible support for four CUs, each corresponding to an independent river basin. Evaluations of historical and recent occurrence data illuminated a generally increasing trend of occurrence in each of the four CUs, which were correlated with recent increases in sampling effort. Taken together, these findings suggest that P. amphichaenus and P. streckersoni are likely rare throughout their respective ranges. Because of this, the establishment of CUs will facilitate evidence‐based recovery planning and ensure potential captive propagation and translocation efforts are beneficial. Our synthesis represents a case study for conservation genomic assessments in freshwater mussels and provides a model for future studies aimed at recovery planning for these highly imperiled organisms.
Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionida) represent one of the most imperiled groups of organisms globally. In this study, we couple multiple molecular datasets with survey data to facilitate recovery efforts for two threatened species of freshwater mussels. Our synthesis represents a case study for conservation genomic assessments in freshwater mussels and provides a model for future studies aimed at recovery planning for these highly imperiled organisms.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Crystal structures of several urea- and thiourea-derived compounds in complex with the nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) protein were utilized to design a potent amide-containing ...inhibitor bearing an aza-indole moiety (7, Nampt BC IC50 = 9.0 nM, A2780 cell proliferation IC50 = 10 nM). The Nampt–7 cocrystal structure was subsequently obtained and enabled the design of additional amide-containing inhibitors which incorporated various other fused 6,5-heterocyclic moieties and biaryl sulfone or sulfonamide motifs. Additional modifications of these molecules afforded many potent biaryl sulfone-containing Nampt inhibitors which also exhibited favorable in vitro ADME properties (microsomal and hepatocyte stability, MDCK permeability, plasma protein binding). An optimized compound (58) was a potent inhibitor of multiple cancer cell lines (IC50 <10 nM vs U251, HT1080, PC3, MiaPaCa2, and HCT116 lines), displayed acceptable mouse PK properties (F = 41%, CL = 52.4 mL/min/kg), and exhibited robust efficacy in a U251 mouse xenograft model.
Species are a fundamental unit of biology, and defining accurate species boundaries is integral to effective conservation and management of imperiled taxa. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) ...are among the most imperiled groups of organisms in North America, yet species boundaries remain uncertain for many taxa. The False Spike, Fusconaia mitchelli (Simpson in Dall, 1895), is a freshwater mussel considered to be endemic to central Texas (Brazos, Colorado, and Guadalupe drainages). Recent research revealed significant intraspecific genetic variation between geographically separated populations of F. mitchelli, which could be indicative of speciation; however, small sample sizes for several of the populations precluded formal taxonomic revision. Here, we increase taxon sampling and use multilocus DNA sequence data and traditional morphometrics to re‐evaluate species boundaries in F. mitchelli. We sequenced three loci: the protein‐coding mitochondrial DNA genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and NADH dehydrogenase 1, and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1. Phylogenetic analyses depicted deep genetic divergence between F. mitchelli in the Guadalupe and those in the Brazos and Colorado drainages, which was further supported by available biogeographic information. Morphometric analyses and coalescent‐based species delimitation models integrating both DNA sequence and morphological data provided strong support for the divergence observed between the two geographically isolated clades of F. mitchelli. Based on these results, we revise taxonomy accordingly by elevating the junior synonym Fusconaia iheringi (Wright, 1898) to represent the Brazos and Colorado populations and restrict the distribution of F. mitchelli to the Guadalupe River drainage. Our findings may impact pending management decisions to protect F. mitchelli under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.
We conducted an integrative taxonomic assessment in the imperiled freshwater mussel species Fusconaia mitchelli. Molecular genetic analyses using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, morphometric analyses, and species delimitation models integrating both molecular and morphological data provided strong support for the recognition of two species within F. mitchelli. Based on these results, we revise taxonomy by elevating the junior synonym Fusconaia iheringi to represent the Brazos and Colorado drainages, and restrict F. mitchelli to the Guadalupe drainage in central Texas.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is a promising anticancer target. Virtual screening identified a thiourea analogue, compound 5, as a novel highly potent Nampt inhibitor. Guided by the ...cocrystal structure of 5, SAR exploration revealed that the corresponding urea compound 7 exhibited similar potency with an improved solubility profile. These studies also indicated that a 3-pyridyl group was the preferred substituent at one inhibitor terminus and also identified a urea moiety as the optimal linker to the remainder of the inhibitor structure. Further SAR optimization of the other inhibitor terminus ultimately yielded compound 50 as a urea-containing Nampt inhibitor which exhibited excellent biochemical and cellular potency (enzyme IC50 = 0.007 μM; A2780 IC50 = 0.032 μM). Compound 50 also showed excellent in vivo antitumor efficacy when dosed orally in an A2780 ovarian tumor xenograft model (TGI of 97% was observed on day 17).
Human impacts on aquatic ecosystems have resulted in systemic declines of global freshwater species abundance and richness. Conservation and governmental groups worldwide have designated protected ...areas to preserve the remaining diversity. The biodiversity hotspot approach, which designates areas based on high levels of species richness, has been useful for identifying areas to protect both terrestrial and aquatic species. However, for freshwater species, additional approaches are warranted to identify specific stream reaches for protection and/or restoration. To address this issue, we present a methodology to create a Gridded River Identification System (GRIS) for river segments based on 30 arc‐second grids (~0.9 km) using the USGS National Hydrography High Resolution Dataset. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we obtained occurrence data for six imperiled freshwater mussel species in Texas and created ensemble species distribution models (ESDMs) based on climate and topographical variables. Predicted occupancies were overlayed onto the GRIS in Texas. The predicted occupancies were rank ordered from 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest probability of occupancy and 5 being the greatest. The rank‐ordered segments were then used to identify reaches for conservation and restoration activities. Our approach is novel and widely applicable to other freshwater species so long as distribution information is available. The GRIS can also be easily developed for stream systems outside of the current study area. Future studies could build upon our framework by incorporating additional taxa data and projected changes in climate and land use.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Molecular data have been an integral tool in the resolution of the evolutionary relationships and systematics of freshwater mussels, despite the limited number of nuclear markers available for Sanger ...sequencing. To facilitate future studies, we evaluated the phylogenetic informativeness of loci from the recently published anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) probe set Unioverse and developed novel Sanger primer sets to amplify two protein-coding nuclear loci with high net phylogenetic informativeness scores: fem-1 homolog C (FEM1) and UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UbiA). We report the methods used for marker development, along with the primer sequences and optimized PCR and thermal cycling conditions. To demonstrate the utility of these markers, we provide haplotype networks, DNA alignments, and summary statistics regarding the sequence variation for the two protein-coding nuclear loci (FEM1 and UbiA). Additionally, we compare the DNA sequence variation of FEM1 and UbiA to three loci commonly used in freshwater mussel genetic studies: the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1), and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). All five loci distinguish among the three focal species (Potamilus fragilis, Potamilus inflatus, and Potamilus purpuratus), and the sequence variation was highest for ND1, followed by CO1, ITS1, UbiA, and FEM1, respectively. The newly developed Sanger PCR primers and methodologies for extracting additional loci from AHE probe sets have great potential to facilitate molecular investigations targeting supraspecific relationships in freshwater mussels, but may be of limited utility at shallow taxonomic scales.
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