Kindling, a model of temporal lobe epilepsy, induces a number of neuropeptides including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). CRF itself can produce limbic seizures which resemble kindling in some ...aspects. However, tolerance to the convulsant effects of CRF develops rapidly. Hypothetically, this could be explained should seizures also induce the CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP), which has been postulated to restrict the actions of CRF. Therefore, in the present study, we used in situ hybridization to examine the effects of amygdala-kindled seizures on the mRNA levels of CRF and CRF-BP. Kindled seizures markedly elevated CRF and CRF-BP in the dentate gyrus of rats. CRF and CRF-BP were induced almost exclusively in GABAergic interneurons of the dentate hilus. The CRF and CRF-BP interneurons also expressed neuropeptide Y but not cholecystokinin. CRF appeared to have an excitatory role in the dentate gyrus as it decreased the afterhyperpolarization of dentate granule neurons. These results suggest that CRF may contribute to the development of amygdala kindling. However, the compensatory induction of CRF-BP may serve to limit the excitatory effects of CRF in the dentate gyrus.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To determine whether cardiovascular dysfunction is evident in horses with leukoencephalomalacia experimentally induced by administration of fumonisin B1.
11 healthy horses of various breeds (body ...weight, 252 to 367 kg).
Horses were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered fumonisin B1 daily. Horses received IV injections of 0 (control horses; n = 4), 0.01 (3), or 0.20 mg (4) of fumonisin B1/kg for 7 to 28 days. Horses were examined daily for evidence of neurologic disease. When neurologic signs consistent with leukoencephalomalacia were evident, horses were anesthetized, and catheters were inserted for evaluation of the cardiovascular system. After recovery from anesthesia, hemodynamic measurements were obtained.
Fumonisin-treated horses with clinical signs of neurologic disease had evidence of cardiovascular dysfunction manifested as decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, right ventricular contractility (assessed by measuring the maximal rate of change of right ventricular pressure), coccygeal artery pulse pressure, and pH and base excess in venous blood as well as increases in systemic vascular resistance, compared with values for control horses. Fumonisin-treated horses with and without clinical signs of neurologic disease also had higher serum and right ventricular sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations than control horses.
An association was detected among fumonisin-induced neurologic disease, increased serum and myocardial sphinganine and sphingosine concentrations, and decreased cardiovascular function in horses. Fumonisin-induced decreases in cardiovascular function may contribute to the pathophysiologic development of leukoencephalomalacia in horses.
Chemically modified tetracyclines (CMTs 1–10) were developed as non-antibiotic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We previously demonstrated that MMP inhibition alone is insufficient to ...explain the pro-apoptotic action of CMTs in osteoclast lineage cells and we have explored additional mechanisms of action. We compared the characteristics of apoptosis in RAW264.7 murine monocyte and osteoclast cultures treated with pharmacologically relevant concentrations of CMT3 or the bisphosphonate alendronate, which induces osteoclast apoptosis through inhibition of farnesyl diphosphate synthase. CMT3 induced apoptosis rapidly (2–3
h), whereas alendronate-induced apoptosis was delayed (>12
h). CMT3-treated cells did not accumulate unprenylated Rap1A in contrast to cells treated with alendronate. Importantly, CMT3 induced a rapid loss of mitochondrial stability in RAW264.7 cells measured by loss of Mitotracker
® Red fluorescence, while bongkrekic acid protected polykaryons from CMT3-induced apoptosis. Modulation of mitochondrial function is therefore a significant early action of CMT3 that promotes apoptosis in osteoclast lineage cells.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Production of recombinant antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin is necessary for the development of a post-exposure treatment. CHO-DG44 cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding the light and ...heavy chains of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (S25) against botulism neurotoxin serotype A. Stable cell lines were obtained by dilution cloning and clones were shown to produce nearly equivalent levels of light and heavy chain antibody by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In suspension culture, cells produced 35
μg/ml of chimeric antibody after 6 days, corresponding to a specific antibody productivity of 3.1
pg/cell/day. A method for the harvest and recovery of an antibody against botulism neurotoxin serotype A was investigated utilizing ethylenediamine-
N,
N′-tetra(methylphosphonic) acid (EDTPA) modified zirconia and MEP-hypercel, a hydrophobic charge interaction chromatography resin. Purification of the S25 antibody was compared to that achieved using rProtein A–Sepharose Fast Flow resin. After the direct load of culture supernatant, analysis by ELISA and gel electrophoresis showed that S25 antibody could be recovered at purities of 41 and 44%, from the EDTPA modified zirconia and MEP-hypercel columns, respectively. Although the purity obtained from each of these columns was low, the ability to withstand high column pressures and nearly 90% recovery of the antibody makes EDTPA modified zirconia well suited as an initial capture step. Combining the EDTPA modified zirconia and HCIC columns in series resulted in both purity and final product yield of 72%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Restoring deadwood habitat is vital in order to recreate fully functioning forest ecosystems. Letting this process occur naturally can take in excess of one hundred years, thus management practises ...typically try to accelerate this via the artificial addition of deadwood. Since the species which rely on deadwood often have poor dispersal abilities, restoring deadwood habitat rarely results in the full restoration of the saproxylic fauna. Furthermore, standard deadwood monitoring protocol only records the amount and type of substrate available and is not capable of determining whether saproxylic insects have been restored. Full species inventories are time-consuming, costly and require great expertise. We present a rapid biodiversity assessment tool which we believe is the first protocol for measuring saproxylic activity which is accessible to non-specialists. Utilising the exit bore holes which saproxylics create on deadwood can provide an indication of the density, richness and diversity of species present; we call this the Saproxylic Activity Index. We show that this index can detect differences in the activity of insects between substrates. As saproxylic insects provide important ecosystem functions, such as aiding in the decay of deadwood and recycling nutrients, a measure of their activity levels may indicate the rate of restoration of these ecosystem processes. We believe that further exploration of this method provides an exciting opportunity for the functional restoration of saproxylic fauna to become incorporated into mainstream forest management.
Vertical profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the convective boundary layer (CBL) were measured at a tropical forest site in the Peruvian Amazon during July 1996 from a tethered ...balloon sampling platform. A profiling technique based on the collection of VOCs onto solid adsorbent cartridges was used to take samples at altitudes up to 1600 m above ground. VOC analysis was performed by thermal desorption with gas chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection. A total of 26 VOCs were structurally identified. VOCs were dominated by biogenic compounds. Highest concentrations were observed for isoprene, followed by α‐pinene, p‐cymene, and β‐pinene. Combined, all monoterpenes accounted for approximately 15–20% of the total carbon from biogenic VOCs (BVOCs). The isoprene oxidation products methacrolein (MAC), methylvinylketone (MVK), and 3‐methylfuran were observed throughout the CBL. Besides the ubiquitous chlorofluorocarbons, anthropogenic VOC concentrations were at the lower end of concentration ranges observed in rural air. From the vertical profiles, BVOC surface flux estimates were derived. Emission rates were estimated from five vertical profiles using the mixed‐layer gradient and CBL budget methods. Emission estimates varied depending on method and choice of statistics, but were within 3000–8200 μg compound m−2 h−1 for isoprene, 120–370 μg m−2 h−1 for α‐pinene, 40–75 μg m−2 h−1 for β‐pinene, about 16 μg m−2 h−1 for p‐cymene, and 40–50 μg m−2 h−1 for camphene. The changes in the ratios of MAC and MVK to isoprene with altitude were utilized to estimate the mixing times between the surface layer, mixed layer and lower troposphere.
Traditionally, delinquent girls were considered an anomaly, a rare phenomenon attracting little scholarly notice. Today, more than one in four youth offenders is female, and researchers and ...practitioners alike are quickly turning their attention and resources to address this challenging situation. Delinquent Girls: Contexts, Relationships, and Adaptationsynthesizes what is known about girls involved in delinquent behavior and their experiences at different points in the juvenile justice system.This breakthrough volume adds to the understanding of this population by offering empirical analysis not only of how these behaviors develop but also about what is being done to intervene. Employing multiple theoretical models, qualitative and quantitative data sources, law enforcement records, and insightsacross disciplines, leading scholars review causes and correlates; the roles of family and peers; psychological and legal issues; policy changes resulting in more arrests of young women; and evidence-based prevention and intervention strategies.Each chapter covers its subject in depth, providing theory, findings, and future directions. Important topics addressed include:Narrowing the gender gap trends in girls delinquency.Girls at the intersection of juvenile justice, criminal justice, and child welfare.Trauma exposure, mental health issues, and girls delinquency.Beyond the stereotypes: girls in gangs.Intervention programs for at-risk and court-involved girls.Implications for practice and policy.With its broad scope and solution-oriented focus, Delinquent Girls: Contexts, Relationships, and Adaptationis a must-have volume for researchers, professionals, graduate students, and social policy experts in clinical child and school psychology, social work, juvenile justice, criminology, developmental psychology, and sociology.
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FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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