The last year has seen a great deal of new information published relating vestibular dysfunction to cognitive impairment in humans, especially in the elderly. The objective of this review is to ...summarize and critically evaluate this new evidence in the context of the previous literature.
This review will address the recent epidemiological/survey studies that link vestibular dysfunction with cognitive impairment in the elderly; recent clinical investigations into cognitive impairment in the context of vestibular dysfunction, both in the elderly and in the cases of otic capsule dehiscence and partial bilateral vestibulopathy; recent evidence that vestibular impairment is associated with hippocampal atrophy; and finally recent evidence relating to the hypothesis that vestibular dysfunction could be a risk factor for dementia.
The main implication of these recent studies is that vestibular dysfunction, possibly of any type, may result in cognitive impairment, and this could be especially so for the elderly. Such symptoms will need to be considered in the treatment of patients with vestibular disorders.
In the last 5 years, there has been a surge in evidence that hearing loss (HL) may be a risk factor for cognitive dysfunction, including dementia. At the same time, there has been an increase in the ...number of studies implicating vestibular loss in cognitive dysfunction. Due to the fact that vestibular disorders often present with HL and other auditory disorders such as tinnitus, it has been suggested that, in many cases, what appears to be vestibular-related cognitive dysfunction may be due to HL (e.g., Dobbels et al. Front Neurol 11:710, 2020). This review analyses the studies of vestibular-related cognitive dysfunction which have controlled HL. It is suggested that despite the fact that many studies in the area have not controlled HL, many other studies have (~ 19/44 studies or 43%). Therefore, although there is certainly a need for further studies controlling HL, there is evidence to suggest that vestibular loss is associated with cognitive dysfunction, especially related to spatial memory. This is consistent with the overwhelming evidence from animal studies that the vestibular system transmits specific types of information about self-motion to structures such as the hippocampus.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
3.
A High-Performance Structural Supercapacitor Reece, Richard; Lekakou, Constantina; Smith, Paul A
ACS applied materials & interfaces,
06/2020, Volume:
12, Issue:
23
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Considering the low specific capacitance of structural solid supercapacitors, which is due to the low ion diffusivity in solid electrolytes and the small specific surface area of some structural ...electrodes such as carbon fiber fabrics, novel structural supercapacitor designs are proposed and evaluated in this study based on supercapacitor-functional sandwich composite materials. Typical electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) are proposed with liquid organic electrolyte 1 M TEABF
in PC (propylene carbonate). In the innovative sandwich structured composites, supercapacitors are embedded in the skins and integrated in the honeycomb core where the aluminum faces of the core constitute the current collectors of the supercapacitor-functional core. The sandwich composite material exhibited a flexural modulus of 5.07 GPa and a flexural strength of 413.9 MPa. The EDLCs embedded in the skins increased the skin flexural modulus and strength by 47% and 56%, respectively, for embedded lateral EDLCs, and by 91% and 106%, respectively, for embedded lateral and longitudinal EDLCs. Compared to typical EDLCs with the same electrolyte, the structural supercapacitors in this study demonstrated superior specific electrode capacitance,
= 153 F g
for the honeycomb supercapacitor and
= 95.7 F g
for the skin supercapacitor, translating to overall structural composite material performance of 0.68 Wh/m
and 30.5 W/m
for the supercapacitor-functional honeycomb, and 0.02 Wh/m
and 5.4 W/m
for the supercapacitor-functional skin.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Decline of the North American avifauna Rosenberg, Kenneth V; Dokter, Adriaan M; Blancher, Peter J ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
10/2019, Volume:
366, Issue:
6461
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Species extinctions have defined the global biodiversity crisis, but extinction begins with loss in abundance of individuals that can result in compositional and functional changes of ecosystems. ...Using multiple and independent monitoring networks, we report population losses across much of the North American avifauna over 48 years, including once-common species and from most biomes. Integration of range-wide population trajectories and size estimates indicates a net loss approaching 3 billion birds, or 29% of 1970 abundance. A continent-wide weather radar network also reveals a similarly steep decline in biomass passage of migrating birds over a recent 10-year period. This loss of bird abundance signals an urgent need to address threats to avert future avifaunal collapse and associated loss of ecosystem integrity, function, and services.
•Multiple linear regression is often used for prediction in neuroscience.•Random forest regression is an alternative form of regression.•It does not make the assumptions of linear regression.•We show ...that linear regression can be superior to random forest regression.
Regression is a common statistical tool for prediction in neuroscience. However, linear regression is by far the most common form of regression used, with regression trees receiving comparatively little attention.
In this study, the results of conventional multiple linear regression (MLR) were compared with those of random forest regression (RFR), in the prediction of the concentrations of 9 neurochemicals in the vestibular nucleus complex and cerebellum that are part of the l-arginine biochemical pathway (agmatine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine, l-arginine, l-ornithine, l-citrulline, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)).
The R2 values for the MLRs were higher than the proportion of variance explained values for the RFRs: 6/9 of them were ≥0.70 compared to 4/9 for RFRs. Even the variables that had the lowest R2 values for the MLRs, e.g. ornithine (0.50) and glutamate (0.61), had much lower proportion of variance explained values for the RFRs (0.27 and 0.49, respectively). The RSE values for the MLRs were lower than those for the RFRs in all but two cases.
In general, MLRs seemed to be superior to the RFRs in terms of predictive value and error.
In the case of this data set, MLR appeared to be superior to RFR in terms of its explanatory value and error. This result suggests that MLR may have advantages over RFR for prediction in neuroscience with this kind of data set, but that RFR can still have good predictive value in some cases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Since October 2022, substantial new information has been published on age-related effects on the vestibular system. Since much of this evidence relates to the risk of dementia, the purpose of this ...review will be to provide an overview of this new information and critically evaluate it.
This review will address studies published since October 2022 regarding age-related effects on the vestibular system and their relationship to cognition and dementia. There has been a particular increase in the last year in the number of studies relating aging of the vestibular system to Alzheimer's disease (AD), further supporting the view that vestibular dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of dementia.
The conclusion of these recent studies is that, consistent with previous studies, vestibular function declines with age, and that this age-related decline is associated with cognitive impairment and an increased risk of dementia. Efforts are being made to consider these implications for cognition in the treatment of vestibular disorders.
ABSTRACT The identity of the bird described from Paraguay by Félix de Azara as No. 372 Ypacahá del Pardo is confirmed as the immature plumage of the Spotted Rail Pardirallus maculatus maculatus ...(Boddaert, 1783). This description is the basis for the name Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot, 1819 which is thus a junior subjective synonym and an available name. Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot, 1819 is the type species of the genus Ortygonax Heine, 1890. Ortygonax Heine, 1890 is a junior subjective synonym of Pardirallus Bonaparte, 1856 and is also available for application.
RESUMO A identidade da ave do Paraguai descrita por Félix de Azara como No. 372 Ypacahá del Pardo é confirmada como a plumagem imatura da saracura-carijó Pardirallus maculatus maculatus (Boddaert, 1783). Esta descrição e a base para o nome Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot, 1819 que é, portanto, um sinônimo júnior, e disponível para sua aplicação. Rallus rytirhynchos Vieillot, 1819 é a espécie-tipo do gênero Ortygonax Heine, 1890. Ortygonax Heine, 1890 é um sinônimo júnior de Pardirallus Bonaparte, 1856 e também está disponível para aplicação.
The role of the ERK signalling pathway in cancer is thought to be most prominent in tumours in which mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinases RAS, BRAF, CRAF, MEK1 or MEK2 drive growth ...factor-independent ERK1 and ERK2 activation and thence inappropriate cell proliferation and survival. New drugs that inhibit RAF or MEK1 and MEK2 have recently been approved or are currently undergoing late-stage clinical evaluation. In this Review, we consider the ERK pathway, focusing particularly on the role of MEK1 and MEK2, the 'gatekeepers' of ERK1/2 activity. We discuss their validation as drug targets, the merits of targeting MEK1 and MEK2 versus BRAF and the mechanisms of action of different inhibitors of MEK1 and MEK2. We also consider how some of the systems-level properties (intrapathway regulatory loops and wider signalling network connections) of the ERK pathway present a challenge for the success of MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors, discuss mechanisms of resistance to these inhibitors, and review their clinical progress.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
For decades it has been speculated that Parkinson's Disease (PD) is associated with dysfunction of the vestibular system, especially given that postural instability is one of the major symptoms of ...the disorder. Nonetheless, clear evidence of such a connection has been slow to emerge. There are still relatively few studies of the vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VORs) in PD. However, substantial evidence of vestibulo-spinal reflex deficits, in the form of abnormal vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), now exists. The evidence for abnormalities in the subjective visual vertical is less consistent. However, some studies suggest that the integration of visual and vestibular information may be abnormal in PD. In the last few years, a number of studies have been published which demonstrate that the neuropathology associated with PD, such as Lewy bodies, is present in the central vestibular system. Increasingly, stochastic or noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) is being investigated as a potential treatment for PD, and a number of studies have presented evidence in support of this idea. The aim of this review is to summarize and critically evaluate the human and animal evidence relating to the connection between the vestibular system and PD.
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