In 2018, the Chinese scientist He Jiankui presented his research at the Second International Summit on Human Genome Editing in Hong Kong. While it was intended that he facilitate a workshop, he was ...instead called on to present his research in heritable human genome editing, where he made the announcement that he had taken great strides in advancement of his research, to the extent that he had gene-edited human embryos and that this had resulted in the live births of two children. While his research ethic and methodology was interrogated, he insisted that two children, twin girls, had been born healthy and that there was another pregnancy (at the time) where birth of a third gene edited child would be imminent. This announcement generated a ripple effect in the scientific community and exposed the gaps in regulation and absence of law relating to the technology. This resulted in a flurry of activity and conversation around regulation of the technology, which scientists stated was not ready for human trials. This article reviews the Third Summit which was held in London in March 2023 and comments on the latest developments in the regulation of heritable human genome editing.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Clinical and translational research has played a major role in advancing our understanding of pulmonary hypertension (PH), including pulmonary arterial hypertension and other forms of PH with severe ...vascular remodelling (
chronic thromboembolic PH and pulmonary veno-occlusive disease). However, PH remains an incurable condition with a high mortality rate, underscoring the need for a better transfer of novel scientific knowledge into healthcare interventions. Herein, we review recent findings in pathology (with the questioning of the strict morphological categorisation of various forms of PH into pre- or post-capillary involvement of pulmonary vessels) and cellular mechanisms contributing to the onset and progression of pulmonary vascular remodelling associated with various forms of PH. We also discuss ways to improve management and to support and optimise drug development in this research field.
The path towards energy sustainability is the incremental adoption of available technologies, practices and policies that help to decrease environmental impact of energy sector, with adequate ...standards of energy services.
Trigeneration systems use waste heat from prime movers to generate heating and cooling along with power. They are more efficient, less polluting & more economic than conventional systems. Small scale trigeneration power plants, typically, below 15 kWe, are called micro-trigeneration plants. In such systems, over 80% of fuel energy is converted to useable energy.
Over-exploitation of fossil resources has led to increase in pollutants and CO2 levels in atmosphere, causing severe health hazards. Low carbon society is less dependent on fuels with high carbon content. Also, Kyoto protocol set reduction targets for the nations. Alternative fuels promise sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation. Various alternate fuels & micro-trigeneration technologies can be combined, leading to sharp decrease in almost all the emissions.
This paper presents a brief review of micro-trigeneration systems. They are projected as strategic means to achieve energy security and efficiency, with positive impact on economy, simultaneously reducing environmental threats, leading to sustainable development.
•Review of micro-trigeneration systems and technologies is presented.•Attractive option to use waste heat for cooling and heating.•Very efficient on total energy performance, fuel savings and CO2 reduction.•Alternative fuels, like bio-fuels, hydrogen, and wooden-gas can also be used.•Potential sustainable energy systems for residential and small applications.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Continuously growing world’s energy demand and global climate change due to green house gas emissions have created need to find out renewable and sustainable energy solution. Biodiesel is one of the ...most promising substitute of diesel fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, waste oils etc. It is broadly classified in four generations i.e. edible oils (first generation), non-edible oils (second generation), waste oils (third generation) and advance solar biodiesel (fourth generation). There are some limitations associated with biodiesel as a fuel in diesel engines like cold flow, oxidation stability etc. Selection of biodiesel due to the above reasons is region specific and depends on the specific properties which are mainly governed by fatty acid composition of that oil. This review discusses the physicochemical properties of different generation biodiesel using 52 types of feedstocks. The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of 31 raw oils have also been discussed. As different fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) structures behave differently, it is not possible to develop a unique approach for obtaining optimum composition of FAME. The low concentration of polyunsaturated FAME and long-chain saturated FAME is more favorable for oxidation stability, low-temperature operability, and satisfactory performance. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), European committee for standardization (CEN), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), etc. provided the specifications for the biodiesel and their blends.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Presently majority of the world’s energy demand is met by fossil fuels. These fuels are depleting at an alarming rate. Thus in future, our energy systems will need to be renewable and sustainable, ...efficient and cost-effective, convenient and safe. Among the various alternative fuels, hydrogen is a long-term renewable and least polluting fuel (produced from renewable energy sources). Its clean burning characteristics help to meet the stringent emission norms. Majority of the work using hydrogen as a fuel is being done in spark ignition engine, however, in this experimental investigation efforts have been made to utilize it in compression ignition engine.
In this investigation, the performance and emission characteristics were studied on a direct injection, single cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled, stationary diesel engine coupled to an electric dynamometer. Hydrogen-enriched air with carburetion technique was used as intake charge in the above mentioned engine with 10% & 20% exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Performance parameters such as specific energy consumption, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency were determined and emissions such as oxides of nitrogen, unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and exhaust gas temperature were measured. Dual fuel operation with hydrogen induction coupled with exhaust gas recirculation results in lowered emission level and improved performance level compared to the case of neat diesel operation.
► Main concentration of this investigation is to use of alternate fuels in C.I. engine. ► We use the dual fuel mode (Hydrogen & Diesel) in CI engine. ► We reduce the NOx emission with the use of Exhaust Gas Recirculation technique. ► We conclude that thermal efficiency is increased and emission reduced with the use of hydrogen.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Continuous increase in world’s population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and economic growth force for continuously increase in fossil fuel consumption to meet growing energy demand. ...Continuous emissions from burning of fossil fuel will create the need to find the appropriate and sustainable replacement for fossil fuels. Biodiesel is appropriate alternate solution for diesel engine due to its renewable, non-toxic and eco-friendly nature. According to EASAC biodiesel evolution is classified into four generations. Cultivation in arid and semi arid land or water, crop yield, effect on food supply, yield of biodiesel, energy content, carbon-neutral economy, easy availability, and economic viable are the main factors behind the evolution of biodiesel generations. This article highlights a comprehensive assessment of various feedstocks used for different generation biodiesel production with their advantages and disadvantages. Different production methods for biodiesel with yield calculation are also explained. Algae based third generation feedstocks are better in comparison with first and second generation due to their high energy content, high oil content and less polluting nature. Forth generation of biodiesel produced from synthetic biology, which will enhance the various physiochemical properties of biodiesel to achieve carbon neutral economy. Among the all biodiesel production processes; transesterification is the most suitable process, because it produces biodiesel of high yield, comparable properties with diesel. This process is also feasible as per economic point of view. The energy demand of future can be met by the blending of different generation oil feedstocks.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Magnetic switchbacks are reversals (deflection angle θ B > 90°) in the radial magnetic field B r , accompanied by proton bulk flow v p enhancement. The switchback generation mechanism(s) is ...still debated, though switchback evolution is linked to coronal heating. In this study, we provide an exhaustive investigation of magnetic fluctuations in the first 14 Parker Solar Probe encounters. Our results show (1) enhanced magnetic fluctuations ( θ B ≤ 90°) and (2) clear absence of B r reversals θ B > 90° in sub-Alfvénic solar corona. It is concluded that switchbacks are either generated locally in super-Alfvénic solar wind (in situ) or that a subpopulation of magnetic fluctuations generated in sub-Alfvénic solar corona (ex situ) evolves into switchbacks once in super-Alfvénic solar wind flow. In other words, in situ mechanisms are necessary for switchback formation. It is then hypothesized that interchange reconnection in sub-Alfvénic solar corona can provide both the necessary ex situ trigger and in situ evolution mechanisms for switchback formation, though other trigger mechanisms cannot be ruled out.
Gene-editing tools such as the CRISPR-Cas9 system create an opportunity for individuals to have their DNA edited for specific purposes. Somatic cell editing targets specific cells in an individual, ...and is aimed at providing a therapeutic mechanism to correct a genetic disease or condition. Germline editing refers to the editing of the DNA of embryos or gametes, which creates edits that are heritable. Following the announcement in 2018 that the Chinese scientist He Jiankui had proceeded to gene-edit human embryos, a moratorium on germline editing was quickly proposed. While an objective of the moratorium was to prevent clinical application of germline editing, it also served as an opportunity to engage in global debate on the issues inherent in gene editing. Heritable editing has become an ethically controversial topic in bioethics, and this article undertakes to provide a primer in the existing national and international legal framework for gene editing, as well as description of the prominent current views of heritable germline editing.
The global demand for energy is growing and conventional energy sources like coal and petroleum are depleting, and renewable resources will play a crucial role in the future. The development of clean ...and sustainable energy technology is imperative to avert the impending climatic crisis. A worthy investment option is concentrating solar power (CSP) technology which has the capacity to provide for about 7% of the total electricity needs projected for the world by 2030 and 25% by 2050 (considering a high-energy-saving, high-energy-efficiency scenario) 1. In the present study, the various concentrators available have been explored. Countries all over the world have recognized the potential for CSP and numerous plants are being planned and constructed with incentives offered by the governments. In India, the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat have the potential for widespread application of CSP technology to harness the solar resource. The launch of The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2008 by the Indian Government and its initiatives, complemented by state solar policy passed by the states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, will go a long way in the establishment of CSP to supply a segment of India's upcoming energy needs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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