Here, we describe a novel mycovirus, Auricularia heimuer fusarivirus 1 (AhFV1), isolated from the edible fungus
Auricularia heimuer
strain CCMJ1296. The virus has a single-stranded positive-sense ...+ssRNA genome of 7,127 nucleotides containing two overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) and a poly(A) tail. The large ORF1 encodes a polyprotein of 1,637 amino acids (aa) with conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and DEAD-like helicase superfamily (DEXDc) domains. ORF2 encodes a putative 633-aa protein with unknown function. A BLAST search showed that the nucleotide sequence of the AhFV1 genome is 41.28% identical to that of Sclerotium rolfsii fusarivirus 2 and 40.49% identical to that of Sclerotium rolfsii fusarivirus 1. Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp and helicase (Hel) sequences indicated that AhFV1 is related to unclassified mycoviruses and other fusariviruses. Our data suggest that AhFV1 should be classified as a member of the newly proposed family “
Fusariviridae
”. This is the second virus and the first full genome sequence of a fusarivirus from
A. heimuer
.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
, a promising edible fungus in the Pleurotaceae family, especially its ability to utilize coniferous substrate, holds significant potential for commercial cultivation. However, few reports on the ...adaptation of
to coniferous substrate from the perspective of omics.
This study explores the biological characteristics, domestication process, and nutritional composition of
, along with its adaptability to coniferous substrates using transcriptomics. We assessed biological characteristics, optimizing mycelial growth on agar medium with varied carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH. Additionally, the optimization process extended to fruiting bodies, where impact on the differentiation were evaluated under varying light conditions. Fruiting body nutrient composition was analyzed per the Chinese National Food Safety Standard. Transcriptome sequencing focused on
mycelial colonized coniferous and broadleaved substrates.
The optimal conditions for mycelial growth were identified: dextrin (carbon source), diammonium hydrogen phosphate (nitrogen source), 25°C (temperature), and pH 7.0. White light promoted fruiting body growth and differentiation. Larch substrate exhibited superior yield (190 g) and biological efficiency (38.0%) compared to oak (131 g, 26.2%) and spruce (166 g, 33.2%).
showcased high dietary fiber, protein, and total sugar content, low fat, and sufficient microelements. Transcriptome analysis revealed significant key genes involved in lignocellulose degradation, stress-resistant metabolism, and endocytosis metabolism, underscoring their pivotal for coniferous adaptation. This study offers valuable insights for the commercial development and strain breeding of
, efficiently leveraging conifer resources. The findings underscore its potential as a valuable source for food, medicinal products, and biotechnological applications.
Green mold disease, caused by
Trichoderma
spp., is one of the most devastating diseases of mushrooms in China. The application of fungicides remains one of the important control methods among the ...integrated pest management tools for disease management in mushroom farms. This study aimed to identify
Trichoderma
spp., isolated from
G. sichuanense
fruiting bodies displaying green mold symptoms collected from mushroom farms in Zhejiang, Hubei, and Jilin Province, China, and evaluate their in vitro sensitivity to six fungicides. A total of 47 isolates were obtained and classified into nine
Trichoderma
spp. namely,
T
.
asperellum
,
T
.
citrinoviride
,
T
.
ganodermatiderum
,
T
.
guizhouense
,
T
.
hamatum
,
T
.
harzianum
,
T
.
koningiopsis
,
T
.
paratroviride
, and
T. virens
, through morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) genes. The pathogenicity test was repeated two times, and re-isolation of the nine
Trichoderma
spp. from the fruiting bodies of
G. sichuanense
fulfilled Koch’s postulates. Prochloraz manganese showed the best performance against most species. This research contributes to our understanding of green mold disease, reveals the phylogenetic relationships among
Trichoderma
species, and expands our knowledge of
Trichoderma
species diversity associated with green mold disease in
G. sichuanense
.
is one of the mycoparasites that cause cobweb disease on cultivated edible mushrooms. However, the molecular mechanisms of evolution and pathogenesis of
on mushrooms are largely unknown. Here, we ...report a high-quality genome sequence of
using the single-molecule, real-time sequencing platform of PacBio and perform a comparative analysis with closely related fungi in the family Hypocreaceae. The
genome, the first complete genome to be sequenced in the genus
, is 39.09 Mb long, with an N50 of 4.97 Mb, encoding 11,003 proteins. The phylogenomic analysis confirmed its inclusion in Hypocreaceae, with its evolutionary divergence time estimated to be ~170.1 million years ago. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of genes involved in secreted peptidases, carbohydrate-active enzymes, cytochrome P450 enzymes, pathogen⁻host interactions, mycotoxins, and pigments. Moreover,
harbors arrays of genes with the potential to produce bioactive secondary metabolites and stress response-related proteins that are significant for adaptation to hostile environments. Knowledge of the genome will foster a better understanding of the biology of
and mycoparasitism in general, as well as help with the development of effective disease control strategies to minimize economic losses from cobweb disease in cultivated edible mushrooms.
Polyphenol is an intricate bioactive molecule abundant in humans/animals' diet particularly plant foods, and has been evidenced in numerous reports with health-promoting functions, owing to its free ...radical scavenging properties and a broad spectrum of bioactivities. However, the beneficial functions are linked and restricted to bioavailability, which is dictated by the diversity of the gut microbiota. The human/animal's gut harbours a complex community of trillions of microbial species and their symbiotic relationship goes beyond mere aiding the host's digestive system, with important functions such as host nutrition and health by encouraging nutrient metabolism and absorption, regulation of the gastrointestinal development, protection against pathogens, maintenance of the gut mucosal barrier functions and host immune system. The disruption of the gut community (i.e., dysbiosis) is suggested to reflect several pathological processes, such as diabetes, obesity, and other metabolic-related comorbidities. Recent improvements in deep-sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have enabled a more complex understanding of the reciprocal interactions of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota, as well as their metabolic impact. Hence this review seeks to discuss the two-way synergistic interactions of dietary polyphenols and dietary constituents on the gut microbial composition with an updated and pivotal finding from literature suggesting whether these interactions depict a positive, negative, or neutralizing effect in the prevention of metabolic diseases.
Cobweb disease is a fungal disease that can cause serious damage to edible mushrooms worldwide. To investigate cobweb disease in
in Guizhou Province, China, we isolated and purified the pathogen ...responsible for the disease. Through morphological and molecular identification and pathogenicity testing on infected
.
, we identified
as the cause of cobweb disease in this region. This is the first known occurrence of this pathogen causing cobweb disease in
.
anywhere in the world. We then obtained the genome of
.
BJWN07 using the HiFi sequencing platform, resulting in a high-quality genome assembly with a size of 38.56 Mb, 10 contigs, and a GC content of 47.84%. We annotated 8428 protein-coding genes in the genome, including many secreted proteins, host interaction-related genes, and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) related to the pathogenesis of the disease. Our findings shed new light on the pathogenesis of
.
and provide a theoretical basis for developing potential prevention and control strategies for cobweb disease.
causes wet bubble disease in
and various Agaricomycetes species. In a previous work, we identified 41 GH18 chitinase genes and other pathogenicity-related genes in the genome of
.
Hp10. Chitinases ...are enzymes that degrade chitin, and they have diverse functions in nutrition, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. However, these important genes in
.
have not been fully characterized, and their functions remain unclear. Here, we performed a genome-wide analysis of
.
GH18 genes and analyzed the transcriptome profiles and GH18 expression patterns in
.
during the time course of infection in
.
. Phylogenetic analysis of the 41 GH18 genes with those of 15 other species showed that the genes were clustered into three groups and eight subgroups based on their conserved domains. The GH18 genes clustered in the same group shared different gene structures but had the same protein motifs. All GH18 genes were localized in different organelles, were unevenly distributed on 11 contigs, and had orthologs in the other 13 species. Twelve duplication events were identified, and these had undergone both positive and purifying selection. The transcriptome analyses revealed that numerous genes, including transporters, cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), cytochrome P450, pathogenicity-related genes, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors, were significantly upregulated at different stages of
.
Hp10 infection of
.
. Twenty-three out of the 41 GH18 genes were differentially expressed. The expression patterns of the 23 GH18 genes were different and were significantly expressed from 3 days post-inoculation of
.
Hp10 in
.
. Five differentially expressed GH18 genes were selected for RT-PCR and gene cloning to verify RNA-seq data accuracy. The results showed that those genes were successively expressed in different infection stages, consistent with the previous sequencing results. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of pathogenicity-related and GH18 chitinase genes' influence on
.
mycoparasitism of
. Our findings may serve as a basis for further studies of
.
mycoparasitism, and the results have potential value for improving resistance in
.
and developing efficient disease-management strategies to mitigate wet bubble disease.
Pleurotus placentodes
(PPL) and
Pleurotus cystidiosus
(PCY) are economically valuable species. PPL grows on conifers, while PCY grows on broad-leaved trees. To reveal the genetic mechanism behind ...PPL’s adaptability to conifers, we performed
de novo
genome sequencing and comparative analysis of PPL and PCY. We determined the size of the genomes for PPL and PCY to be 36.12 and 42.74 Mb, respectively, and found that they contain 10,851 and 15,673 protein-coding genes, accounting for 59.34% and 53.70% of their respective genome sizes. Evolution analysis showed PPL was closely related to
P. ostreatus
with the divergence time of 62.7 MYA, while PCY was distantly related to other
Pleurotus
species with the divergence time of 111.7 MYA. Comparative analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZYmes) in PPL and PCY showed that the increase number of CAZYmes related to pectin and cellulose degradation (e.g., AA9, PL1) in PPL may be important for the degradation and colonization of conifers. In addition, geraniol degradation and peroxisome pathways identified by comparative genomes should be another factors for PPL’s tolerance to conifer substrate. Our research provides valuable genomes for
Pleurotus
species and sheds light on the genetic mechanism of PPL’s conifer adaptability, which could aid in breeding new
Pleurotus
varieties for coniferous utilization.
The mycoparasitic fungus
causes wet bubble disease of mushrooms, particularly
. The genome of a highly virulent strain of
HP10 was sequenced and compared to three other fungi from the order ...Hypocreales that cause disease on
.
genome is ~44 Mb, encodes 10,077 genes and enriched with transposable elements up to 25.3%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that
is closely related to
and diverged from their common ancestor ~156.7 million years ago.
has few secreted proteins compared to
and
, but significantly expanded protein families of transporters, protein kinases, CAZymes (GH 18), peptidases, cytochrome P450, and SMs that are essential for mycoparasitism and adaptation to harsh environments. This study provides insights into
evolution and pathogenesis and will contribute to the development of effective disease management strategies to control wet bubble disease.
A four-year study was conducted to evaluate selected vegetative and reproductive characteristics in four coconut genotypes namely: Niu Leka Dwarf (NLD), New Guinea Brown Dwarf (NGBD), Malayan Green ...Dwarf (MGD), Indonesian Brown Dwarf (IBD), and a hybrid between Sri Lankan Green Dwarf and Vanuatu Tall (SGDVTT), which was used as a control. The study was located at Anwea in the Western Region of Ghana, an endemic zone to the lethal yellowing disease. This experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Results showed a significant higher growth for NGBD, IBD, and NLD in stem girth, leaf length, petiole length, and number of leaflets. NGBD, IBD, and SGDVTT also recorded significantly higher reproductive characteristics. Time taken for first flowering was noticed in IBD (41.30 months). NGBD recorded the highest number of female flowers (27.80), number of spikelets with female flowers (17.20), and total number of spadix (12.50) seasonally. Significant and positive correlations were observed between the number of leaves emitted, and the number of female flowers produced in the coconut genotypes except for MGD. The highest correlation between these vegetative and reproductive characteristics was expressed in IBD while the least was observed in the MGD genotype. MGD also recorded the least number of spikelets with female flowers, suggesting that this genotype is not likely to produce high number of fruits and should not be included in future breeding programs. Low and less robust characteristics were expressed in both SGDVTT, and MGD in the growing period, which could be ascribed to the rather low number of leaflets observed in these genotypes. Conclusions from this study suggest that NGBD, IBD, and NLD are potential genotypes to be integrated into further breeding programs across coconut-growing regions in Ghana.
•Strong correlations exist between vegetative and reproductive traits in dwarf coconuts.•IBD expressed the highest correlation between vegetative and reproductive characters.•NLD, NGBD and IBD are potential coconut genotypes for future breeding programs.•MGD is not likely to perform well in coconut growing regions in Ghana.•NLD genotype is recommended for growing areas prone to dry conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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