Review of Particle Physics
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
03/1998, Volume:
3, Issue:
1-4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1600 new measurements from 550 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge ...bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http: //pdg. lbl. gov.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We report on the neutrino mass measurement result from the first four-week science run of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino experiment KATRIN in spring 2019. Beta-decay electrons from a high-purity ...gaseous molecular tritium source are energy analyzed by a high-resolution MAC-E filter. A fit of the integrated electron spectrum over a narrow interval around the kinematic end point at 18.57 keV gives an effective neutrino mass square value of (-1.0_{-1.1}^{+0.9}) eV^{2}. From this, we derive an upper limit of 1.1 eV (90% confidence level) on the absolute mass scale of neutrinos. This value coincides with the KATRIN sensitivity. It improves upon previous mass limits from kinematic measurements by almost a factor of 2 and provides model-independent input to cosmological studies of structure formation.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
To describe the hemodynamic and oxygen transport patterns in survivors and nonsurvivors following liver transplantation (LT) and to assess their relationship to organ failure and mortality.
...Retrospective cohort.
Surgical ICU in a tertiary care university teaching hospital.
Consecutive series of 113 adults undergoing LT between 1984 and 1992. Patients were excluded if they died intraoperatively (n = 2), required retransplantation (n = 8), or their records were incomplete (n = 7).
Preoperative severity of illness was assessed by the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system. Hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were recorded immediately preoperatively and sequentially every 12 h during the first 2 postoperative days. Organ failures (pulmonary, renal, cardiovascular, hepatic, and central nervous system) were assessed for patients in the postoperative period. Patients were grouped as survivors (n = 82) or nonsurvivors (n = 14) with a mortality rate of 15%. Preoperative APACHE II scores were significantly lower in survivors compared with nonsurvivors (7 +/- 0 vs 11 +/- 2; p = 0.029). Both preoperatively and postoperatively, survivors sustained a relatively higher mean arterial pressure, stroke volume index, left ventricular stroke work index, cardiac index, and oxygen delivery as compared with nonsurvivors (p < 0.01). The postoperative decline in systemic blood flow that was seen in both groups was particularly prominent in nonsurvivors during the first 12 h following LT (p < 0.03). Nonsurvivors sustained an approximately fivefold increase in the rate of organ failure (p < 0.0001); all patients (n = 6) with 4 or more organ failures died.
Nonsurvivors of LT have less cardiac reserve pretransplant; postoperatively, they demonstrate early myocardial depression and subsequently lower levels of cardiac index and oxygen delivery. Patients who develop these hemodynamic patterns are more prone to organ failure and death.
In this paper we report on the analysis of all the available optical and very high-energy gamma-ray (> 200 GeV) data for the BL Lac object PKS 2155-304, collected simultaneously with the ATOM and ...H.E.S.S. telescopes from 2007 until 2009. This study also includes X-ray (RXTE, Swift) and high-energy gamma-ray (Fermi-LAT) data. During the period analysed, the source was transitioning from its flaring to quiescent optical states, and was characterized by only moderate flux changes at different wavelengths on the timescales of days and months. A flattening of the optical continuum with an increasing optical flux can be noted in the collected dataset, but only occasionally and only at higher flux levels. We did not find any universal relation between the very high-energy gamma-ray and optical flux changes on the timescales from days and weeks up to several years. On the other hand, we noted that at higher flux levels the source can follow two distinct tracks in the optical flux-colour diagrams, which seem to be related to distinct gamma-ray states of the blazar. The obtained results therefore indicate a complex scaling between the optical and gamma-ray emission of PKS 2155 304, with different correlation patterns holding at different epochs, and a gamma-ray flux depending on the combination of an optical flux and colour rather than a flux alone.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
OBJECTIVETo examine the effect of multiple organ failure after liver transplantation on mortality and resource utilization.
DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.
SETTINGSurgical intensive care unit in a ...tertiary care university hospital.
PATIENTSConsecutive series of 113 adults undergoing liver transplantation between 1984 and 1992. Patients were excluded if they died intraoperatively (n = 2), required retransplantation (n = 8), or had incomplete records (n = 7).
INTERVENTIONSNone.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTSWe prospectively developed definitions for organ failure, and quantitated the frequency and related outcomes for mortality and resource utilization. Multiple organ failure was defined as the presence of two or more organ failures. Patients were grouped according to the presence (n = 31) or absence (n = 65) of multiple organ failure. Preoperative severity of illness was assessed by the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) scoring systems. Postoperative outcome data, including hospital survival rate, hospital length of stay, and charges were recorded. The frequency of multiple organ failure after liver transplantation was 32%. The mortality rate in the patients who developed multiple organ failure was 42% vs. only 2% in those patients without multiple organ failure (p < .0001). Patients with four or more organ failures had a 100% mortality rate. Postoperative multiple organ failure was associated with increased hospital length of stay (46 +/- 7 days vs. 29 +/- 2 days; p = .026) and increased hospital charges ($271,497 +/- 29,994 vs. $136,372 +/- 8,310; p < .0001). Higher preoperative APACHE II and UNOS scores predicted postoperative multiple organ failure, but were less accurate tools for predicting risk of death.
CONCLUSIONSMultiple organ failure is associated with death and increased resource utilization in liver transplantation. Pretransplantation severity of illness, as measured by APACHE II and UNOS scoring systems, is an important determinant of postoperative multiple organ failure and outcome.(Crit Care Med 1995; 23:466-473)
Context. Puppis A is an interesting similar to 4 kyr-old supernova remnant (SNR) that shows strong evidence of interaction between the forward shock and a molecular cloud. It has been studied in ...detail from radio frequencies to high-energy (HE, 0.1-100 GeV) gamma-rays. An analysis of the Fermi-LAT data has shown extended HE gamma-ray emission with a 0.2-100 GeV spectrum exhibiting no significant deviation from a power law, unlike most of the GeV-emitting SNRs known to be interacting with molecular clouds. This makes it a promising target for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) to probe the gamma-ray emission above 100 GeV.
Aims. Very-high-energy (VHE, E >= 0.1 TeV) gamma-ray emission from Puppis A has been, for the first time, searched for with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS.).
Methods. Stereoscopic imaging of Cherenkov radiation from extensive air showers is used to reconstruct the direction and energy of the incident gamma-rays in order to produce sky images and source spectra. The profile likelihood method is applied to find constraints on the existence of a potential break or cutoff in the photon spectrum.
Results. The analysis of the HESS. data does not reveal any significant emission towards Puppis A. The derived upper limits on the differential photon flux imply that its broadband gamma-ray spectrum must exhibit a spectral break or cutoff. By combining Fermi-LAT and HESS. measurements, the 99% confidence-level upper limits on such a cutoff are found to be 450 and 280 GeV, assuming a power law with a simple exponential and a sub-exponential cutoff, respectively. It is concluded that none of the standard limitations (age, size, radiative losses) on the particle acceleration mechanism, assumed to be continuing at present, can explain the lack of VHE signal. The scenario in which particle acceleration has ceased some time ago is considered as an alternative explanation. The HE/VHE spectrum of Puppis A could then exhibit a break of non-radiative origin (as observed in several other interacting SNRs, albeit at somewhat higher energies), owing to the interaction with dense and neutral material, in particular towards the NE region.
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FMFMET, NUK, UL, UM, UPUK
Data on the incidence and clinical relevance of gallstones in patients with suspected acute alcoholic pancreatitis are lacking and are essential to minimize the risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis. ...The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of gallstones and the associated rate of recurrent acute pancreatitis in patients with presumed acute alcoholic pancreatitis.
Between 2008 and 2019, 23 hospitals prospectively enrolled patients with acute pancreatitis. Those diagnosed with their first episode of presumed acute alcoholic pancreatitis were included in this study. The term gallstones was used to describe the presence of cholelithiasis or biliary sludge found during imaging. The primary outcome was pancreatitis recurrence during 3 years of follow-up.
A total of 334 patients were eligible for inclusion, of whom 316 were included in the follow-up analysis. Gallstone evaluation, either during the index admission or during follow-up, was performed for 306 of 334 patients (91.6%). Gallstones were detected in 54 patients (17.6%), with a median time to detection of 6 (interquartile range 0-42) weeks. During follow-up, recurrent acute pancreatitis occurred in 121 of 316 patients (38.3%), with a significantly higher incidence rate for patients with gallstones compared with patients without gallstones (59% versus 34.2% respectively; P < 0.001), while more patients with gallstones had stopped drinking alcohol at the time of their first recurrence (41% versus 24% respectively; P = 0.020). Cholecystectomy was performed for 19 patients with gallstones (36%). The recurrence rate was lower for patients in the cholecystectomy group compared with patients who did receive inadequate treatment or no treatment (5/19 versus 19/34 respectively; P = 0.038).
Gallstones were found in almost one in every five patients diagnosed with acute alcoholic pancreatitis. Gallstones were associated with a higher rate of recurrent pancreatitis, while undergoing cholecystectomy was associated with a reduction in this rate.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UPUK
Background Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is currently the most used technique for resection of large distal colorectal polyps. However, in large lesions EMR can often only be performed in a ...piecemeal fashion resulting in relatively low radical (R0)-resection rates and high recurrence rates. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a newer procedure that is more difficult resulting in a longer procedural time, but is promising due to the high en-bloc resection rates and the very low recurrence rates. We aim to evaluate the (cost-)effectiveness of ESD against EMR on both short (i.e. 6 months) and long-term (i.e. 36 months). We hypothesize that in the short-run ESD is more time consuming resulting in higher healthcare costs, but is (cost-) effective on the long-term due to lower patients burden, a higher number of R0-resections and lower recurrence rates with less need for repeated procedures. Methods This is a multicenter randomized clinical trial in patients with a non-pedunculated polyp larger than 20 mm in the rectum, sigmoid, or descending colon suspected to be an adenoma by means of endoscopic assessment. Primary endpoint is recurrence rate at follow-up colonoscopy at 6 months. Secondary endpoints are R0-resection rate, perceived burden and quality of life, healthcare resources utilization and costs, surgical referral rate, complication rate and recurrence rate at 36 months. Quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) will be estimated taking an area under the curve approach and using EQ-5D-indexes. Healthcare costs will be calculated by multiplying used healthcare services with unit prices. The cost-effectiveness of ESD against EMR will be expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) showing additional costs per recurrence free patient and as ICER showing additional costs per QALY. Discussion If this trial confirms ESD to be favorable on the long-term, the burden of extra colonoscopies and repeated procedures can be prevented for future patients. Trial registration NCT02657044 (Clinicaltrials.gov), registered January 8, 2016. Keywords: Colorectal adenoma, Endoscopic mucosal resection, Endoscopic submucosal dissection, Randomized clinical trial, Colonoscopy
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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