► This paper presents a field study linking individual decisions to acquire financial information to time preference measures. ► Elicitation of time preferences using incentivized choice experiments ...for all individuals to whom a financial education program was offered. ► Results show that individuals who choose to acquire personal financial information have substantially higher discount factors than individuals who do not.
Many policymakers and economists argue that financial literacy is key to financial well-being. But why do many individuals remain financially illiterate despite the benefits of being financially informed?
This paper presents results from a field study linking individual decisions to acquire financial information to a normally unobservable characteristic: time preferences. We elicited time preferences using incentivized choice experiments for all individuals to whom a financial education program was offered. Our results show that individuals who choose to acquire personal financial information have substantially higher discount factors than individuals who do not. The results can be interpreted as non-participants discount the benefits of being financially literate more.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
TEMPORAL STABILITY OF TIME PREFERENCES Meier, Stephan; Sprenger, Charles D.
The review of economics and statistics,
05/2015, Volume:
97, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The preferences assumed to govern intertemporal trade-offs are generally considered to be stable economic primitives, though evidence on this stability is notably lacking. We present evidence from a ...large field study conducted over two years, with around 1,400 individuals using incentivized intertemporal choice experiments. Aggregate choice profiles and corresponding estimates of discount parameters are unchanged over the two years and individual correlations through time are high by existing standards. However, some individuals show signs of instability. By linking experimental measures to administrative tax records, we show that identified instability is uncorrelated with both levels and changes in sociodemographic variables.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, INZLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
Without strong assumptions about how noise manifests in choices, we can infer little from existing empirical observations of the common ratio effect (CRE) about whether there exists an underlying ...common ratio preference (CRP). We propose to solve this inferential challenge using paired valuations, which yield valid inference under common assumptions. Using this approach in an online experiment with 900 participants, we find no evidence of a systematic CRP. To reconcile our findings with existing evidence, we present the same participants with paired choice tasks and demonstrate how noise can generate a CRE even for individuals without an associated CRP. (JEL C91, D81, D91)
Adoptive transfer of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) from atopic donors to nonatopic recipients occurs during the first year following bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Mature B- and T-cell ...clones with allergen-specific memory and hematopoietic progenitor cells are transferred through BMT. The objective of this study was to characterize the long-term rate of allergic sensitization and development of clinical allergic diseases following BMT from atopic donors. A long-term follow-up study was conducted in a cohort of donor and recipient pairs with moderate-to-severe allergic disease in the donor prior to BMT. Assessments of allergen-specific IgE, clinical rhinitis, and asthma were made in the donors prior to BMT and in the recipients with a mean follow-up of 15.5 years after BMT. From an initial cohort of 12 bone marrow transplant recipients who received marrow from allergic donors, 5 long-term survivors were identified. Allergen-specific IgE transferred from donor to recipient following BMT frequently persisted, and a high rate of de novo allergic sensitization was observed between 1 and 14 years after BMT. These events were associated with elevation in total IgE, and development of allergic rhinitis and asthma at long-term follow-up. We conclude that marrow-derived immune cells from allergic donors can transfer the predisposition to allergy and asthma.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
6.
Impact energy of everyday items used for assault Siegenthaler, Lea; Sprenger, Florian D.; Kneubuehl, Beat P. ...
International journal of legal medicine,
2018/1, Volume:
132, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Blunt force is a frequently used type of violence especially because it can be performed with basically every object of our daily lives or with bare hands or feet. The injuries and medical ...consequences have been widely examined, whereas the forces and especially the energies acting on impact have rarely been analyzed. The aim of the present study is to provide the impact energy and its ranges of four longish everyday items with different characteristics for male and female offenders. Additionally, the moment of inertia (MOI) for all the objects was calculated and its influence on the energy determined. A combination wrench, aluminum pipe, golf club, and spade were chosen as representatives of the four categories short, medium length with the center of mass (COM) in the middle, medium length with the COM close to the hitting point, and long and heavy. A total of 880 strikes have been performed by 11 volunteers. The results show the mean energy values of wrench, pipe, golf club, and spade for men of 51.1, 74.4, 93.5, and 166.7 J. For women, the results are 33.0, 41.0, 56.5, and 76.8 J. Knowing the energy thresholds for certain fractures and injuries, these results help to assess whether a claimed hit may have caused the fracture or injury or not.
1. Males and females often differ in their optimal mating rates, resulting potentially in conflicts over remating. In species with separate sexes, females typically have a lower optimal mating rate ...than males, and can regulate contacts with males accordingly. The realized mating rate may therefore be closer to the female's optimum. In simultaneous hermaphrodites, however, it has been suggested that the intraindividual optimization between 'male' and 'female' interests generates more 'male'-driven mating rates. 2. In order to assess the consequences of variation in mating rate on 'female' reproductive output, we exposed the simultaneously hermaphroditic sea slug Chelidonura sandrana to four mating rate regimes and recorded the effects on a variety of fitness components. 3. In focal 'females', we found (i) a slight but significant linear decrease in fecundity with mating rate, whereas (ii) maternal investment in egg capsule volume peaked at an intermediate mating rate. 4. Combining the observed fecundity cost with the apparent benefits of larger offspring size suggests that total female fitness is maximized at an intermediate mating rate. With the latter being close to the natural mating rate of C. sandrana in the field, our findings challenge the assumption of 'male'-driven mating systems in simultaneous hermaphrodites. 5. Our study provides experimental evidence for various mathematical models in which female fitness is maximized at intermediate mating rates.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, INZLJ, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK, ZRSKP
To identify and map intraabdominal adhesions by using functional cine magnetic resonance (MR) Imaging.
Twenty-seven patients suspected of having intraabdominal adhesions were examined. ...Section-by-section dynamic depiction of induced visceral slide throughout the whole abdomen was achieved by using a transverse or sagittal true fast imaging with steady-state precession sequence. Location and type of diagnosed adhesions were documented by using the nine segments of the abdominal map. These criteria and intraoperative results were compared in 13 patients.
MR images depicted a total of 42 intraabdominal adhesions; 21 (50%) were in the lower abdomen. The most common types of adhesions were located between the ventral abdominal wall and small-bowel loops (n = 10 24%) and between adjacent small-bowel loops (n = 9 21%). Comparison with the intraoperative results showed a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 92.5%. MR imaging was most accurate in depicting adhesions to the abdominal wall (15 94% of 16) and subperitoneal space (eight 100% of eight). The presence of adhesions between bowel loops was overestimated.
Detection of visceral slide at functional cine MR imaging is easy to perform and represents a well-tolerated and accurate procedure for use in the identification of intraabdominal adhesions in patients with chronic pain and equivocal clinical findings.
Sertraline for nocturnal enuresis Sprenger, D
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
03/1997, Volume:
36, Issue:
3
Journal Article
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