‘Jelly-seed’ is considered as a serious disorder of mango which causes considerable postharvest losses. Due to the lack of clear understanding of jelly-seed disorder genesis and minuscule research ...work, a study was carried out to know the physiological and biochemical basis leading to the incidence of the jelly-seed disorder in ‘Langra’ and ‘Dashehari’ mango varieties. The results revealed that the respiration rate (143.32 and 149.32 mg kg
−1
h
−1
CO
2
) in the jelly-seed affected fruits was higher than the healthy fruits of both the varieties, while the ethylene evolution rate showed no significant difference. The biochemical attributes such as β-carotene (1.28 and 1.64 g kg
−1
) and total antioxidant capacity (607.78 and 563.25 mmol kg
−1
Trolox) of jelly-seed affected pulp was significantly lower than the healthy pulp (HP) and pulp surrounding affected pulp (PSAP) in both the varieties, respectively. Ascorbic acid (66.76 and 33.70 g kg
−1
), TSS, reducing sugars (9.34 and 8.49%), total sugars and titratable acidity have been recorded to be higher in the jelly-seed affected pulp (AP) in both the varieties, respectively. This may be due to the higher activities of α-amylase (0.99 and 1.21 g kg
−1
h
−1
maltose liberated), pectin methylesterase (0.30 and 0.30 mmol min
−1
kg
−1
acid) and cellulase (0.0487 and 0.0564 U g
−1
) enzymes in the jelly-seed AP in both the varieties, respectively. Polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity was also significantly higher in jelly-seed affected pulp of both the varieties. The results of respiration rate suggested that the jelly-seed malady in mango may be a result of high seed activity rather than fruit pulp activity because the mesocarp tissue surrounding the vicinity of the seed is totally disintegrated and the seed might have entered into premature seed germination mode (vivipary nature). The affected fruits showed a higher respiration rate, reduced β-carotene content and total antioxidant capacity leading to loss of nutritional value.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties, viz Amrapali and Pusa Surya were subjected to X-ray imaging for detection of jelly seed disorder. Fruits of each variety were subjected to X-rays with different ...combinations of voltage, current and time in a trial and error manner to obtain X-ray image. It was found that X-ray source of 48 kV, 6.5 mA, with an exposure time of 320 mA gave the best contrast images of jelly seed internal disorder. X-ray images were stored and further processed with MATLAB. Fruits which were used for X-ray imaging were also compared destructively for jelly seed disorder incidence. After comparison, it was found that both destructive and non-destructive (X-ray) images, as well as processed images, were similar. Hence, it can be concluded that X-ray imaging can be an useful method for detecting jelly seed disorder in mango.
A study was conducted to determine firmness of eight mango hybrids obtained from the crosses between Amrapali and Sensation and correlate it with TSS and peel thickness. The firmness was determined ...at top, middle and bottom positions of the fruit using
TA
+
Di Texture Analyzer. The peel firmness at middle position of the hybrids varied from about 20 to 33
N on harvest day, which decreased to 5–12
N with increase in storage period. On 7th day of storage, the peel firmness became almost equal from top to bottom positions indicating the even ripening of fruit. Pulp firmness was found to vary from about 5 to 20
N of freshly harvested fruit, which reduced to 0.3–3.5
N during storage. Peel firmness of 5
N and pulp firmness of 0.3
N was found as threshold points below which the fruit may not be acceptable for consumption.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Kinnow mandarin is a highly priced commercial citrus fruit for domestic as well as overseas markets. Excessive numbers of seeds in the fruit makes it less preferred mandarin for dessert as well as ...processing purposes. Attempts were made in the past to collect superior less seeded clones of Kinnow. Besides, efforts were also made to induce variation in Kinnow using physical (γ-ray) and chemical (ethyl methanesulphonate) mutagens. The non-availability of SSR makers in Kinnow made us look into cross genera marker polymorphism and characterization of these clones. The present study demonstrated the cross-genera transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed in citrus and chickpea to Kinnow mandarin clones and mutants. Out of 87 primers tested (67 from chick pea and 20 from citrus), 11 primers (8 citrus and 3 chickpea) showed polymorphism and amplified 14 alleles. Of 67 SSR loci (chick pea), 3 (4.47 %) gave cross-amplification. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged 0.14 to 0.99, while Jaccard’s similarity coefficients ranged 0 to 0.9. Clustering pattern showed that all the mutants and clones distinctly grouped and were different from the parent. It showed that mutants and clones had distinct molecular changes in them. In principle coordinate analysis,the first three coordinate axes accounted for 67.86% of the variation observed. Further, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA showed 80%genetic variation within the population and 20% among the population.
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical fruits in the World. Mango leaves, bark, and fruit (pulp, peel, and stone) are rich sources of bio-active compounds (BaCs) such as ...proteins 0.36 - 0.40 g 100 g-1 fresh weight (FW) of pulp; 1.76 - 2.05% (w/w) of peel; 66.1 g kg-1 of kernel flour; and 3.0% (w/w) of leaves, vitamin A 0.135 - 1.872 mg 100 g-1 FW of pulp; 15.27 International Units (IU) in kernels; 1,490 IU in leaves, vitamin C 7.8 - 172.0 mg 100 g-1 FW of pulp; 188 - 349 μg g-1 FW of peel; 0.17 g kg-1 DW of kernel flour; 53 mg 100 g-1 dry matter (DM) in leaves, carotenoids (0.78 - 29.34 μg g-1 FW of pulp; 493 - 3,945 μg g-1 FW of peel), mangiferin (1,690.4 mg kg-1 DM in peel; 4.2 mg kg-1 DW of kernel extract), phenolic compounds, dietary fibre (DF), carbohydrates, minerals, and other anti-oxidants known to have medicinal, nutritional, and industrial benefits. Bio-active compounds exist in functional foods and can protect us against diseases via several mechanisms. The anti-oxidant properties of several BaCs are important to protect against diseases related to oxidative stress. Fruit intake provides us with anti-oxidants that may act in a synergistic way to offer protection. In mango fruit, only the pulp is used, while all other parts are discarded and cause environmental pollution. The importance of all the different parts of mango fruit and trees should not be disregarded. With a global increase in health issues, there is an increasing demand for natural foods. Hence, there is need to study all the bio-active constituents in mango to provide greater insights into their medical, nutritional, and industrial applications, as well as their role(s) in defending of the plant. This review aims to assist in the proper utilisation of mangoes to improve nutrition and health, as well as to improve our understanding of the defence mechanisms in plants that depend on these compounds.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
Guava (Psidium guajava L) is one of the most commercially cultivated fruit crops in India. A large number of diverse genotypes are available in India but their characterization is still lacking which ...needs to be focused to target a planned guava improvement programme in India. The present study was conducted to estimate the genetic relationship between 20 genotypes of Psidium guajava and two species, P. friedrichsthalianum and P. pumilum, by means of morphological characterization. Twenty-four parameters of leaf and fruit were included in the study. Guava genotypes showed significant variations for different leaf characters. Internodal length among the genotypes showed significant variation and it ranged between 1.36 to 4.76 cm. The size of leaf was found to have positive relationship with the plant vigour. Maximum fruit weight was observed in Thai guava (228.26 g) followed by Lucknow-49 (216.53g) and the minimum was in P. pumilum (13.0 g). The variation in these characters generated useful information for selection of parents for further guava breeding programme.
Summary
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused by expansion of GAA repeats in the frataxin (FXN) gene on chromosome 9q13‐q21.1. We analysed the origin of FRDA in 21 North Indian (NI) and eight South ...Indian (SI) families using five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a microsatellite marker spanning the GAA repeats. The NI and SI families were derived from Indo‐European and Dravidian linguistic backgrounds respectively. The frequency of large normal (LNs) alleles of the GAA repeat correlate with the overall lower prevalence of FRDA in India compared to the European population. All of the expanded alleles in the Indian population share a common core haplotype suggesting a founder effect. The expanded alleles in the NI population demonstrate more similarity to those of Europeans in terms of age of GAA repeat expansion (15975 ± 2850 years) and association of LNs with expanded alleles. FRDA seems to have been introduced recently in the South Indian population since the average estimated age of the mutation in SI is 5425 ± 1750 years and unlike NI some of the haplotypes of LNs are not associated with the expanded alleles.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The isolation of high quality RNA from different tissues of mango (Mangifera indica L.) is relatively challenging due to the presence of interfering substances such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, ...and proteins. All these compounds render available isolation protocols useless by reducing the quality (purity and integrity) and quantity of the RNA that can be recovered. Several tissue-specific protocols for the isolation of RNA have been developed specifically for mango, however they are cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming. To overcome these drawbacks, we have developed a comprehensive (CTAB-free, guanidine-free, and LiCl-free) RNA isolation protocol using SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) plus phenol which works well for most mango tissues such as leaves, flowers, and fruit, at different stages of development or ripening, as well as fruit peel and seed kernels. This rapid protocol allowed us to process large numbers of samples (12 – 15) simultaneously in a single day. Using this method, we obtained good quantity RNA (16 – 80 μg g–1 tissue) from various mango tissues at different stages of development. RNA isolated by this method was pure and amenable to various downstream molecular applications such as RT-PCR and the construction of a cDNA library.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
The use of wastewater for diverse applications is gaining popularity for protecting scarce freshwater resources. The global supply of freshwater is limited and is threatened by the masses. ...Communities are competing over the allocation of limited freshwater resources to meet the increasing demand for water for agriculture, industry and cities. Wastewater treatment units are being used to treat wastewater for irrigation, firefighting, and other domestic purposes. The environment and human health can be adversely affected if wastewater is not accurately treated. Treated wastewater if free from toxicity can help in preserving the natural environment. In the present work, the synchrotron-based Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) has been used to assess the trace elements present in the treated wastewater collected from a sewerage treatment plant in the study area. The results are compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended values and concluded that the concentration of all detected elements (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb) are within permissible limits (except iron). Investigations are further incorporated in calculations of the water quality index (WQI) that is used for the treated water standards. The present WQI 82.70 lies in the good quality range 80-94 by Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME 2001) standards and does not pose any hazard to the environment, therefore, recommended for irrigation, toilet flushing, firefighting etc.
