The BLEMAB European project (BLast furnace stack density Estimation through online MuonABsorption measurements), the evolution of the previous Mu-Blast European project, is designed toinvestigate in ...detail the capability of muon radiography techniques applied to the imaging of theinner zone of a blast furnace. In particular, the goal of this collaboration is to characterizethe internal region (so-called cohesive zone) where the slowly downward-moving material begins tosoften and melt, which plays an important role in the performance of the blast furnace itself. Inthis contribution, we describe the state-of-the-art of the muon tracking system which is currentlybeing developed and installed at a blast furnace on the ArcelorMittal site in Bremen(Germany). Moreover, we will present the GEANT4 simulation framework devised for this applicationtogether with the simulation results. Finally, we will show the possible contribution of multiplescattering effects to such peculiar applications.
ELI-NP is an European Research Infrastructure that will provide a monochromatic, high brilliance gamma beam with tunable energy up to 19.5 MeV. The time structure of the beam consists of 32 high ...intensity gamma bunches separated by a time interval of 16 ns and delivered at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. In order to match such unprecedented beam specifications, specific devices and techniques have been developed to measure and monitor the beam parameters during the commissioning and the operational phase. This paper presents an overview of the gamma beam characterization system, with particular focus on a new-concept sampling calorimeter made of silicon detectors and polyethylene absorbers.
Current research in High Energy Cosmic Ray Physics touches on fundamental questions regarding the origin of cosmic rays, their composition, the acceleration mechanisms, and their production. ...Unambiguous measurements of the energy spectra and of the composition of cosmic rays at the "knee" region could provide some of the answers to the above questions. So far only ground based observations, which rely on sophisticated models describing high energy interactions in the earth's atmosphere, have been possible due to the extremely low particle rates at these energies. A calorimetry based space experiment that could provide not only flux measurements but also energy spectra and particle identification, would certainly overcome some of the uncertainties of ground based experiments. Given the expected particle fluxes, a very large acceptance is needed to collect a sufficient quantity of data, in a time compatible with the duration of a space mission. This in turn, contrasts with the lightness and compactness requirements for space based experiments. We present a novel idea in calorimetry which addresses these issues whilst limiting the mass and volume of the detector. In this paper we report on a four year R&D program where we investigated materials, coatings, photo-sensors, Front End electronics, and mechanical structures with the aim of designing a high performance, high granularity calorimeter with the largest possible acceptance. Details are given of the design choices, component characterisation, and of the construction of a sizeable prototype (Calocube) which has been used in various tests with particle beams.
The ELI-NP Gamma Beam System will deliver an intense gamma beam, in an energy range from 1 to 20 MeV, with unprecedented specifications in terms of brilliance, photon flux and energy bandwidth. A ...characterization system providing a measurement of the energy spectrum, intensity, space and time profile of the beam is essential for the commissioning and the development of the source, as well as to demonstrate the performance achieved. The technical specifications of the gamma beam prevents to use any traditional gamma spectroscopic detector. A specific system equipped with four basic elements is under development: a sampling calorimeter, for a fast combined measurement of the beam average energy and intensity; a Compton spectrometer, for photon energy spectrum measuring and monitoring; a nuclear resonant scattering spectrometer, for an absolute beam energy calibration and a beam profile imager to be used for alignment and diagnostics purposes. An overview of the ELI-NP gamma characterization system will be given in this work, with a focus on the calorimeter working principle, its expected performances and some preliminary prototype tests.
CaloCube is an R&D project borne to develop a novel calorimeter design, optimized for high-energy cosmic ray measurements in space. A small prototype made of CsI(Tl) elements has been built and ...tested on particle beams. A final version, made of 5×5×18 crystals and with dual readout (two photodiodes for each crystal), to cover the full required dynamic range, is under construction and will be tested at CERN SPS in Summer 2016. The dual readout compensation technique were developed and the feasibility to extract Čerenkov signals from CsI crystals verified.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The multi-TeV energy region of the cosmic-ray spectra has been recently explored by direct detection experiments that used calorimetric techniques to measure the energy of the cosmic particles. ...Interesting spectral features have been observed in both all-electron and nuclei spectra. However, the interpretation of the results is compromised by the disagreements between the data obtained from the various experiments, that are not reconcilable with the quoted experimental uncertainties. Understanding the reason for the discrepancy among the measurements is of fundamental importance in view of the forthcoming high-energy cosmic-ray experiments planned for space, as well as for the correct interpretation of the available results. The purpose of this work is to investigate the possibility that a systematic effect may derive from the non-proportionality of the light response of inorganic crystals, typically used in high-energy calorimetry due to their excellent energy-resolution performance. The main reason for the non-proportionality of the crystals is that scintillation light yield depends on ionisation density. Experimental data obtained with ion beams were used to characterize the light response of various scintillator materials. The obtained luminous efficiencies were used as input of a Monte Carlo simulation to perform a comparative study of the effect of the light-yield non-proportionality on the detection of high-energy electromagnetic and hadronic showers. The result of this study indicates that, if the calorimeter response is calibrated by using the energy deposit of minimum ionizing particles, the measured shower energy might be affected by a significant systematic shift, at the level of few percent, whose sign and magnitude depend specifically on the type of scintillator material used.
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