Although much research has examined human resource management (HRM), managers’ roles in HRM seem to have been ancillary to this area of research. That is, HRM theory and research largely has advanced ...with a focus on policies, practices, systems, and their implementation and effectiveness, with less attention focused on the managers responsible for the design, adoption, enactment, and implementation of HRM strategy and practice. The purpose of this review is to examine extant research to determine the state of knowledge of the role of managers across organizational hierarchy in HRM. Thus, we review empirical literature for studies that include aspects of the impact lower-to-middle managers, human resource managers, top management teams, CEOs, and boards of directors have on HRM content, process, and outcomes. On the basis of the findings of this systematic, multilevel review, we discuss avenues for future research at each specific manager’s level, as well as general opportunities and challenges for research on managers’ roles in HRM across all hierarchical levels.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Email represents a useful organizational tool that can facilitate rapid and flexible communication between organizations, managers, and employees regardless of their physical location (e.g., office, ...home, on vacation). However, despite the potential benefits of email, its usage is a double-edged sword that also has the potential to negatively affect its users. To advance knowledge and inform both researchers and practitioners of such negative outcomes, we integrate the job demands-resources model with spillover theory to investigate email as a potential job demand and explore how it may relate to employees’ job tension and work-family conflict. Using an interval-contingent experience sampling methodology with respondents from two separate organizations (
n
= 134) providing 704 observations across 6 days of surveys, we hypothesize that, as a job demand, email can have negative consequences on the job that can spill over into the home. Furthermore, we also examine an individual trait (i.e., trait self-regulation) as a potential boundary condition that moderates the extent to which experienced tension from email demands spills over into home life. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Objective:
A series of studies was conducted to evaluate a newly developed instrument to measure teamwork knowledge, the Teamwork Situational Judgment Test (Teamwork SJT). The test is based upon the ...Marks et al. (2001) taxonomy of teamwork processes.
Method:
The first three studies investigated reliability and construct validity of the Teamwork SJT. In Study 1, 59 undergraduates completed the Teamwork SJT on two occasions. In Study 2, 100 undergraduates completed the Teamwork SJT and another test of teamwork knowledge, the Teamwork Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Test (Teamwork KSA). Study 3 (N = 115) examined relationships between the Teamwork SJT and American College Testing (ACT), Wonderlic, and Big Five Inventory (BFI) scores. Studies 4 and 5 examined criterion-related validity by exploring relations with ratings of teamwork behavior. Study 4 utilized archival data from 31 teams completing a series of complex simulations. In Study 5, data were obtained from 143 members of organizational work teams.
Results:
Results provided evidence of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent validity was demonstrated by a high correlation with the Teamwork KSA. Low or moderate correlations with ACT and Wonderlic scores and BFI personality dimensions provided evidence of discriminant validity. Evidence of criterion-related validity was found for Study 5, but not for Study 4. In Study 5, the Teamwork SJT was positively related to measures of teamwork behavior and was more predictive of teamwork behavior than the Teamwork KSA.
Conclusions:
Findings support the construct validity of the Teamwork SJT and provide mixed support for criterion-related validity. The Teamwork SJT has promise as an instrument to assess teamwork knowledge.
Highlights and Implications
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The Teamwork SJT has acceptable levels of reliability and construct validity.
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Evidence of criterion-related validity is mixed.
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The Teamwork SJT is a promising alternative to extant instruments that assess teamwork knowledge.
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The Teamwork SJT may be suitable for training needs assessment and evaluation of team training activities, but additional criterion-related validity evidence is needed before the test should be used for selection purposes.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
This study represents the largest compilation to date of clinical and postmortem data from decedents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It will augment previously published small series of ...autopsy case reports, refine clinicopathologic considerations, and improve the accuracy of future vital statistical reporting.
To accurately reflect the preexisting diseases and pathologic conditions of decedents with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection through autopsy.
Comprehensive data from 135 autopsy evaluations of COVID-19-positive decedents is presented, including histologic assessment. Postmortem examinations were performed by 36 pathologists at 19 medical centers or forensic institutions in the United States and Brazil. Data from each autopsy were collected through the online submission of multiple-choice and open-ended survey responses.
Patients dying of or with COVID-19 had an average of 8.89 pathologic conditions documented at autopsy, spanning a combination of prior chronic disease and acute conditions acquired during hospitalization. Virtually all decedents were cited as having more than 1 preexisting condition, encompassing an average of 2.88 such diseases each. Clinical conditions during terminal hospitalization were cited 395 times for the 135 autopsied decedents and predominantly encompassed acute failure of multiple organ systems and/or impaired coagulation. Myocarditis was rarely cited.
Cause-of-death statements in both autopsy reports and death certificates may not encompass the severity or spectrum of comorbid conditions in those dying of or with COVID-19. If supported by additional research, this finding may have implications for public health decisions and reporting moving forward through the pandemic.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Despite the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States (U.S.) and an increasing number of out gay and lesbian business leaders, we have little knowledge of the role played by leaders’ ...same-sex sexual orientation in the leadership process. To fill this important research void, we drew from a recent theoretical model on leaders’ sexual orientation and conducted four experimental studies designed to test and retest
whether
leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation affects followers’ leadership perceptions and conformity to influence attempts, and
how
the intersectionality of leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation with leaders’ gender orientation and follower characteristics may modify the influences of leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation on the follower outcomes. Based on over 2,100 working adults in the U.S., the results of the four studies, where leaders were depicted as charismatic, indicate that leaders’ same-sex sexual orientation could have negative impacts on the follower outcomes. However, same-sex sexual orientation leaders did not suffer double stigma penalization by having additional marginalized identities (e.g., also being women). Female followers were more supportive of same-sex sexual orientation leaders than male followers. Our research advances knowledge of and responds to calls for more research attention to leader sexual orientation in the leadership process. Research and practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Human resource management (HRM) research has documented the importance of high performance work practices (HPWPs) to organizations, and recent efforts have argued for increasing attention to the role ...of line manager implementation of HPWPs. To date, research in this area has focused largely on the organizational or employee implications of HPWP implementation, ignoring the process through which implementation affects outcomes. In this article, we use theory on impression formation to describe the perceptual process through which line manager implementation of HPWPs facilitates the formation of different employee impressions of manager leadership styles. We argue that this process is contingent upon employee attributions of implementation intent, which are influenced by the interaction of employee affective and attributional tendencies with line manager implementation style (i.e., political skill). Our conceptualization of this process contributes to HRM research by demonstrating the benefits of integrating it with leadership theory, as well as identifying the role of interpersonal perceptual processes in the effects of HPWPs.
•We argue that employee characteristics' influence attributions of HPWPs.•We argue that HPWPs are transactional or transformational dependent on context.•We argue that employee attributions affect impression formation of manager leadership.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
DNA evidence is often critical for taxonomic studies; however, many historical type specimens lack corresponding genetic samples, which limits contemporary molecular research questions and may ...restrict conservation and management decisions. We conducted a pilot Type Locality Project to collect voucher specimens and genomic-grade samples from amphibian type localities in the state of Virginia, USA. These samples can serve as proxies for cases in which obtaining genomic data from the type specimen is not possible. Undergraduate students participated in all aspects of the project including fieldwork, DNA barcoding, and incorporating specimens into the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History research collection. The Type Locality Project is an excellent platform for providing undergraduate students with hands-on research experience and training in taxonomy and systematics. Other institutions could easily adapt our approach to obtain genomic-quality, topotypic vouchers for other taxa and simultaneously create authentic undergraduate research experiences in field, laboratory, and natural history museum settings.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
•This review identified and prioritized existing effect biomarkers for bisphenols.•119 epidemiologic studies were selected, analyzed, tabulated and discussed.•An inventory of molecular and ...biochemical effect biomarkers was created.•BDNF, kisspeptin and gene expression of nuclear receptors were prioritized.•Adverse outcome pathway (AOP) data was gathered to cover knowledge gaps.
Human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have demonstrated widespread and daily exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). Moreover, BPA structural analogues (e.g. BPS, BPF, BPAF), used as BPA replacements, are being increasingly detected in human biological matrices. BPA and some of its analogues are classified as endocrine disruptors suspected of contributing to adverse health outcomes such as altered reproduction and neurodevelopment, obesity, and metabolic disorders among other developmental and chronic impairments. One of the aims of the H2020 European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) is the implementation of effect biomarkers at large scales in future HBM studies in a systematic and standardized way, in order to complement exposure data with mechanistically-based biomarkers of early adverse effects. This review aimed to identify and prioritize existing biomarkers of effect for BPA, as well as to provide relevant mechanistic and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) information in order to cover knowledge gaps and better interpret effect biomarker data. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed to identify all the epidemiologic studies published in the last 10 years addressing the potential relationship between bisphenols exposure and alterations in biological parameters. A total of 5716 references were screened, out of which, 119 full-text articles were analyzed and tabulated in detail. This work provides first an overview of all epigenetics, gene transcription, oxidative stress, reproductive, glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones, metabolic and allergy/immune biomarkers previously studied. Then, promising effect biomarkers related to altered neurodevelopmental and reproductive outcomes including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), kisspeptin (KiSS), and gene expression of nuclear receptors are prioritized, providing mechanistic insights based on in vitro, animal studies and AOP information. Finally, the potential of omics technologies for biomarker discovery and its implications for risk assessment are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort to comprehensively identify bisphenol-related biomarkers of effect for HBM purposes.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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