Why librarians can’t fight fake news Sullivan, M. Connor
Journal of librarianship and information science,
12/2019, Volume:
51, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
In the wake of the panic over fake news that followed the 2016 US presidential election, librarians and other information professionals are being urged to “take leadership in the current crisis” ...(Jacobson, 2017: 24). The response from the profession has been to reaffirm the core values of librarianship and to hold up traditional services as a means for combating misinformation. The problem is that these solutions are offered in the absence of a full understanding of the real danger of misinformation, which is “not just that misinformation is ‘out there,’” but “what misinformation does to our mind” (Ecker, 2015: 22). Misinformation research in other fields directly challenges the solutions proposed by library professionals and casts doubts on their underlying assumptions. This article provides an overview of the library and information science approach to misinformation in the United States, discusses the shortcomings of that approach, and points to possible next steps for remedying the problem.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The creation of electrocatalysts with reduced concentrations of platinum-group metals remains a critical challenge for electrochemical hydrogen production. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) offer a distinct ...type of catalyst with tunable compositions and engineered surface activity, significantly enhancing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We present the synthesis of AuPdFeNiCo HEA nanoparticles (NPs) using a wet impregnation method. The composition and structure of the AuPdFeNiCo HEA NPs are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). These nanoparticles exhibit robust HER performance quantified over a broad pH range, with higher activity than any of the unary metal counterparts in all pHs. In comparison to a commercial 10%Pt/C electrocatalyst, AuPdFeNiCo HEA NPs exhibit enhanced electrochemical activity in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes at a current density of 10 mA cm
−2
. Additionally, these nanoparticles achieve a current density of 100 mA cm
−2
at a voltage of 540 mV in neutral electrolytes, outperforming Pt/C which requires 570 mV. These findings help enable broad use of reduced precious metal electrocatalysts for water electrolysis in a variety of water and pH conditions.
The synthesis of AuPdFeNiCo high entropy alloy nanoparticles is reported. These nanoparticles exhibit robust hydrogen evolution activity quantified over a broad pH range, with higher activity than any of the unary metal counterparts.
INTRODUCTION:There is paucity of literature evaluating anterior acetabular retractor proximity to the femoral nerve and external iliac vessels during total hip arthroplasty through the direct ...anterior approach. In this cadaveric study, we evaluated three retractor locations to identify optimal positioning of anterior retractors.
METHODS:A direct anterior approach was performed in 22 hips of 15 cadavers. Anterior acetabular retractors were placed over the anterior acetabular wall in-line with the femoral neck (12-oʼclock or middle position). The anterior neurovascular structures were identified through the ilioinguinal approach. Retractors were reinserted at 10-oʼclock (right hip; superior) and 2-oʼclock (right hip; inferior) locations marked using K-wires. Horizontal and vertical distances from retractor tip positions to neurovascular structures were measured with a digital caliper.
RESULTS:Retractor tips moved significantly from lateral to the femoral nerve when placed in the superior position (mean, 2.8 mm) to medial to the femoral nerve in the middle (mean, −2.3 mm) and inferior (mean, −4.8 mm) locations. Retractor tips moved significantly medial toward the external iliac artery when retractors were moved from superior (mean, 15.3 mm) to inferior (mean, 6.6 mm) positions placing the retractor tip closer to the vessels.
CONCLUSION:As retractor placements moved inferior, retractor tips moved medial to neurovascular structures. Inferior retractor positioning placed the femoral nerve and external iliac artery at the risk of injury during the initial retractor placement or adjustment. Retractors should be placed in a relative safe zone superior to the 12-oʼclock position to avoid damage to neurovascular structures.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:IV
As a diagnosis, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with violence committed by veterans in many studies; however, a potential link to specific PTSD symptoms has received ...relatively less attention. This paper examines the relationship between PTSD symptoms and different types of violent behavior in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Participants were randomly sampled from a roster of all separated U.S. military service members or national guard/reservists who served after September 11, 2001. Data were collected at baseline and 1-year follow-up from a national sample of N = 1,090 veterans, from 50 states and all military branches. Of these veterans, 13% reported aggression toward a family member and 9% toward a stranger during the 1-year study period. Anger symptoms at baseline predicted higher odds of family violence at follow-up, both severe (OR = 1.30, CI 1.13, 1.48, p < .0001) and any (OR = 1.28, CI 1.19, 1.37, p < .0001). PTSD flashback symptoms at baseline predicted higher odds of stranger violence at follow-up, both severe (OR = 1.26, CI 1.11, 1.42, p < .0001) and any (OR = 1.16, CI 1.05, 1.28, p = .0029). Analyses revealed that males were more likely to engage in stranger violence, whereas females were more likely to endorse aggression in the family context. The results provide limited support to the hypothesis that PTSD "flashbacks" in veterans are linked to violence. The differing multivariate models illustrate distinct veteran characteristics associated with specific types of violence.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, PRFLJ, UM, UPUK
Violence towards others in the community has been identified as a significant problem for a subset of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans.
To investigate the extent to which post-traumatic stress disorder ...(PTSD) and other risk factors predict future violent behaviour in military veterans.
A national, multiwave survey enrolling a random sample of all US veterans who served in the military after 11 September 2001 was conducted. A total of 1090 veterans from 50 US states and all military branches completed two survey waves mailed 1 year apart (retention rate = 79%).
Overall, 9% endorsed engaging in severe violence and 26% in other physical aggression in the previous year, as measured at Wave 2. Younger age, financial instability, history of violence before military service, higher combat exposure, PTSD, and alcohol misuse at Wave 1 were significantly associated with higher severe violence and other physical aggression in the past year at Wave 2. When combinations of these risk factors were present, predicted probability of violence in veterans rose sharply. Veterans with both PTSD and alcohol misuse had a substantially higher rate of subsequent severe violence (35.9%) compared with veterans with alcohol misuse without PTSD (10.6%), PTSD without alcohol misuse (10.0%) or neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse (5.3%). Using multiple regression, we found that veterans with PTSD and without alcohol misuse were not at significantly higher risk of severe violence than veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse. There was a trend for other physical aggression to be higher in veterans with PTSD without alcohol misuse.
Co-occurring PTSD and alcohol misuse was associated with a marked increase in violence and aggression in veterans. Compared with veterans with neither PTSD nor alcohol misuse, veterans with PTSD and no alcohol misuse were not significantly more likely to be severely violent and were only marginally more likely to engage in other physical aggression. Attention to cumulative effects of multiple risk factors beyond diagnosis--including demographics, violence history, combat exposure, and veterans' having money to cover basic needs like food, shelter, transportation, and medical care--is crucial for optimising violence risk management.
A significant portion of veterans do not respond to evidence-based treatments for PTSD. Therefore, researchers have sought to predict who will respond well to trauma-focused treatment. The present ...study examined pre- and posttreatment symptom profiles, session-by-session change, as well as demographic and additional diagnostic information to better understand PTSD treatment response. Participants included 332 veterans undergoing residential Cognitive Processing Therapy. Latent profile analyses were computed, and four meaningful profiles emerged: Fast Responders, Steady Responders, Partial Responders, and Minimal Responders. Each profile demonstrated symptom reduction at approximately the same rate in the first half of treatment. Two specific profiles, Steady Responders and Minimal Responders, showed key clinically important differences. Both profiles demonstrated severe pretreatment PTSD symptom severity; however, in the second half of treatment, Steady Responders saw the steepest decrease in symptoms of any of the profiles while Minimal Responders saw less symptom reduction compared to all other profiles. Via a thorough examination, membership in Steady Responders compared to Minimal Responders was not associated with demographic or health variables. Results suggest that pretreatment symptom severity does not necessarily determine a client’s posttreatment symptom severity. Pretreatment symptom severity did not determine outcome, though some veterans (Minimal Responders) did not experience the same symptom change and treatment effectiveness. Further identifying the factors that lead to the separation of these groups will add important information for determining treatment selection and potential obstacles to effectiveness.
●Four meaningful symptom profiles were found among veterans undergoing residential Cognitive Processing Therapy.●Veterans within two symptom profiles, Steady and Minimal Responders, both started with severe PTSD symptom severity.●In the second half of treatment, Steady Responders showed the steepest symptom reductions in comparison to other profiles.●On the other hand, Minimal Responders showed the least symptom reductions at treatment completion.●Patients’ pretreatment symptoms do not determine their symptomatology at treatment completion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Objective: Network analysis is a useful tool for understanding how symptoms interact with one another to influence psychopathology. However, this analytic strategy has not been fully utilized in the ...PTSD field. The current study utilized network analysis to examine connectedness and strength among PTSD symptoms (employing both partial correlation and regression network analyses) among a community sample of students exposed to the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings. Method: Respondents (N = 4,639) completed online surveys 3-4 months postshootings, with PTSD symptom severity measured via the Trauma Symptom Questionnaire. Results: Data were analyzed via adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and relative importance networks, as well as Dijkstra's algorithm to identify the shortest path from each symptom to all other symptoms. Relative importance network analysis revealed that intrusive thoughts had the strongest influence on other symptoms (i.e., had many strong connections highest outdegree) while computing Dijkstra's algorithm indicated that anger produced the shortest path to all other symptoms (i.e., the strongest connections to all other symptoms). Conclusion: Findings suggest that anger or intrusion likely play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of PTSD (i.e., are more influential within the network than are other symptoms).
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
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