Summary
Clonostachys rosea is a promising saprophytic filamentous fungus that belongs to phylum Ascomycota. Clonostachys rosea is widespread around the world and exists in many kinds of habitats, ...with the highest frequency in soil. As an excellent mycoparasite, C. rosea exhibits strong biological control ability against numerous fungal plant pathogens, nematodes and insects. These behaviours are based on the activation of multiple mechanisms such as secreted cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes, production of antifungal secondary metabolites and induction of plant defence systems. Besides having significant biocontrol activity, C. rosea also functions in the biodegradation of plastic waste, biotransformation of bioactive compounds, as a bioenergy sources and in fermentation. This mini review summarizes information about the biology and various applications of C. rosea and expands on its possible uses.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Joint tissues are exquisitely sensitive to their mechanical environment, and mechanical loading may be the most important external factor regulating the development and long‐term maintenance of joint ...tissues. Moderate mechanical loading maintains the integrity of articular cartilage; however, both disuse and overuse can result in cartilage degradation. The irreversible destruction of cartilage is the hallmark of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. In these instances of cartilage breakdown, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1 beta and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and aggrecanases (ADAMTSs), enzymes that can degrade components of the cartilage extracellular matrix. In order to prevent cartilage destruction, tremendous effort has been expended to design inhibitors of MMP/ADAMTS activity and/or synthesis. To date, however, no effective clinical inhibitors exist. Accumulating evidence suggests that physiologic joint loading helps maintain cartilage integrity; however, the mechanisms by which these mechanical stimuli regulate joint homeostasis are still being elucidated. Identifying mechanosensitive chondroprotective pathways may reveal novel targets or therapeutic strategies in preventing cartilage destruction in joint disease.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, coccidia were isolated and identified from 5 main poultry farms located in Zhejiang province, eastern China. The overall prevalence of Eimeria spp. was 30.7% (95 of 310). Five common ...species were observed: E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. necatrix, and E. mitis. Two isolates (HZ and QZ) were tested for sensitivity to 8 anticoccidial drugs using 4 indexes including anticoccidial index (ACI), percent of optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA), reduction of lesion scores (RLS), and relative oocyst production (ROP): sulfachloropyrazine, toltrazuril, diclazuril, sulfamonomethoxine/trimethoprim, and amprolium; sulfaquinoxaline/sulfadimethoxine, nicarbazin, and halofuginone. The results showed that the 2 isolates have developed various degrees of resistance to most of the tested drugs. The multi-resistance coccidia are a potential threat to local poultry farming. Rotation of anticoccidial drugs and shuttle programs are recommended to prevent further economic losses caused by coccidiosis.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A
bstract
The definition of local spatial densities by using sharply localized one-particle states is applied to spin-3/2 systems. Matrix elements of the electromagnetic current and the ...energy-momentum tensor are considered and integral expressions of associated spatial distributions in terms of form factors are derived.
The leading one-loop corrections to the gravitational form factors of the delta resonance are calculated in the framework of chiral effective field theory. Various contributions to the ...energy–momentum tensor and the renormalization of the low-energy constants are worked out. Using the small scale expansion, expressions for static quantities are obtained and the real and imaginary parts of the gravitational form factors are calculated numerically.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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bstract
The gravitational form factors of the transition from the proton to the ∆
+
resonance are calculated to leading one-loop order using a manifestly Lorentz-invariant formulation of chiral ...perturbation theory. We take into account the leading electromagnetic and strong isospin-violating effects. The loop contributions to the transition form factors are found to be free of power-counting violating pieces, which is consistent with the absence of tree-level diagrams at the considered order. In this sense, our results can be regarded as predictions of chiral perturbation theory.
Polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs) have been observed by pathologists for over a century. PGCCs contribute to solid tumor heterogeneity, but their functions are largely undefined. Little attention ...has been given to these cells, largely because PGCCs have been generally thought to originate from repeated failure of mitosis/cytokinesis and have no capacity for long-term survival or proliferation. Here we report our successful purification and culture of PGCCs from human ovarian cancer cell lines and primary ovarian cancer. These cells are highly resistant to oxygen deprivation and could form through endoreduplication or cell fusion, generating regular-sized cancer cells quickly through budding or bursting similar to simple organisms like fungi. They express normal and cancer stem cell markers, they divide asymmetrically and they cycle slowly. They can differentiate into adipose, cartilage and bone. A single PGCC formed cancer spheroids in vitro and generated tumors in immunodeficient mice. These PGCC-derived tumors gained a mesenchymal phenotype with increased expression of cancer stem cell markers CD44 and CD133 and become more resistant to treatment with cisplatin. Taken together, our results reveal that PGCCs represent a resistant form of human cancer using an ancient, evolutionarily conserved mechanism in response to hypoxia stress; they can contribute to the generation of cancer stem-like cells, and also play a fundamental role in regulating tumor heterogeneity, tumor growth and chemoresistance in human cancer.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
PhenoScanner is a curated database of publicly available results from large-scale genetic association studies. This tool aims to facilitate 'phenome scans', the cross-referencing of genetic variants ...with many phenotypes, to help aid understanding of disease pathways and biology. The database currently contains over 350 million association results and over 10 million unique genetic variants, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms. It is accompanied by a web-based tool that queries the database for associations with user-specified variants, providing results according to the same effect and non-effect alleles for each input variant. The tool provides the option of searching for trait associations with proxies of the input variants, calculated using the European samples from 1000 Genomes and Hapmap.
PhenoScanner is available at www.phenoscanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk CONTACT: jrs95@medschl.cam.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
For glasses, the structural origin of their flow phenomena, such as elastic and plastic deformations especially the microscopic hidden flow before yield and glass-to-liquid transition (GLT), is ...unclear yet due to the lack of structural information. Here we investigate the evolution of the microscopic localized flow during GLT in a prototypical metallic glass combining with dynamical mechanical relaxations, temperature-dependent tensile experiments and stress relaxation spectra. We show that the unstable and high mobility nano-scale liquid-like regions acting as flow units persist in the glass and can be activated by either temperature or external stress. The activation of such flow units is initially reversible and correlated with β-relaxation. As the proportion of the flow units reaches a critical percolation value, a mechanical brittle-to-ductile transition or macroscopic GLT happens. A comprehensive picture on the hidden flow as well as its correlation with deformation maps and relaxation spectrum is proposed.
The NF-κB signaling pathway has particular relevance to several liver diseases including hepatitis (liver infection by Helicobacter, viral hepatitis induced by HBV and HCV), liver fibrosis and ...cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, the NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential target for development of hepatoprotective agents. Several types of drugs including: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), antioxidants, proteasome inhibitors, IKK inhibitors and nucleic acid-based decoys have been shown to interfere with NF-κB activity at different levels and may be useful for the treatment of liver diseases. However, NF-κB also plays an important hepatoprotective function that needs to be taken into consideration during development of new therapeutic regimens.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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