Purpose
Probiotics have been reported to be beneficial for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the types, number of strains, dosage, and intervention time of probiotics used remain controversial. ...Furthermore, the changes of gut microbiota in IBD’s patients are also intriguing. Thus, this meta-analysis was to explore the clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in IBD.
Methods
The search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane library from inception to April 2020. Qualified randomized controlled trials were included. IBD’s remission rate, disease activity index and recurrence rate were extracted and analyzed. Changes in the gut microbiota of patients with IBD are comprehensively described.
Results
Thirty-eight articles were included. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics can induce/maintain IBD’s remission and reduce ulcerative colitis (UC) disease activity index (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02, 1.26,
P
< 0.05; SMD = 1.00, 95% CI 0.27, 1.73,
P
< 0.05). In subgroup analyses of IBD remission rate and UC disease activity index, we obtained some statistically significant results in some subgroup (
P
< 0.05). To some extent, probiotic supplements can increase the number of beneficial bacteria (especially
Bifidobacteria
) in the intestinal tract of patients with IBD.
Conclusions
Our results support the treatment of IBD (especially UC) with pro/pre/synbiotics, and synbiotics are more effective. Probiotic supplements that are based on
Lactobacillus
and
Bifidobacterium
or more than one strain are more likely to be beneficial for IBD remission. The dose of 10
10
–10
12
CFU/day may be a reference range for using probiotics to relieve IBD.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FSPLJ, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
The North China Craton (NCC) experienced strong destruction (i.e., decratonization) during the Mesozoic, which triggered intensive magmatism, tectonism and thermal events and formed large-scale gold ...and other metal deposits in the eastern part of the craton. However, how the decratonization controls the formation and distribution of large-scale of gold and other metal deposits is not very clear. Based on a large number of published data and new results, this paper systematically summarizes all the data for the rock assemblages, chronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of Mesozoic magmatic rocks, as well as for the mineralizing ages of gold and other metal deposits and the evolution of the Mesozoic basins in the eastern NCC. The results are used to restore the extensional rates of Mesozoic to Cenozoic basins and the strike-slip distance of the Tanlu Fault, to ascertain the location of the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction zones during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic, and to reconstruct the temporal and spatial distribution of Mesozoic gold and other metal deposits and magmatic rocks in the eastern NCC. It is obtained that the magmatism and mineralization in the eastern NCC westward migrate from east to west during the Early to Middle Jurassic, but they eastward migrate from west to east during the Early Cretaceous. The metallogenesis of these deposits is genetically related to magmatism, and the magmas provided some ore-forming materials and fluids for the generation of metal deposits. The geodynamic mechanism of decratonization and related magmatism and mineralization is proposed, i.e., the westward low-angle subduction of the Paleo-Pacific slab beneath the NCC formed continental magmatic arc with plenty of porphyry Cu-Mo-Au deposits in the Jurassic, similar to the Andean continental arc in South America. The mantle wedge was metasomatized by the fluids/melts derived from the subducting slab, laying a material foundation for hydrothermal mineralization in the Early Cretaceous. While the rollback of the subducting slab with gradually increasing subduction angle and the retreat of the subduction zones during the Early Cretaceous induced strong destruction of the craton and the formation of extensive magmatic rocks and large-scale gold and other metal deposits.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a pivotal role in cancer therapeutics, with small-molecule EGFR inhibitors emerging as significant agents in combating this disease. This review ...explores the synthesis and clinical utilization of EGFR inhibitors, starting with the indispensable role of EGFR in oncogenesis and emphasizing the intricate molecular aspects of the EGFR-signaling pathway. It subsequently provides information on the structural characteristics of representative small-molecule EGFR inhibitors in the clinic. The synthetic methods and associated challenges pertaining to these compounds are thoroughly examined, along with innovative strategies to overcome these obstacles. Furthermore, the review discusses the clinical applications of FDA-approved EGFR inhibitors such as erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib, and osimertinib across various cancer types and their corresponding clinical outcomes. Additionally, it addresses the emergence of resistance mechanisms and potential counterstrategies. Taken together, this review aims to provide valuable insights for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical scientists interested in comprehending the current landscape of small-molecule EGFR inhibitors.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Major and trace element, whole rock Sr‐, Nd‐and Hf‐isotopes and zircon U–Pb age and Hf–O isotope data have been determined for mafic to felsic intrusive rocks from the Late Triassic Mayihe (MYH), ...Longtou–Chaxinzi–Xiaoweishahe (LCX) and Nankouqian–Xidadingzi (NX) intrusions in the northern Liaodong Peninsula, NE China, in order to investigate their sources and petrogenesis related to decrationization of the North China Craton. The rocks include clinopyroxene diorite, monzodiorite, quartz diorite, granodiorite, monzogranite and mafic microgranular enclaves. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICPMS) and secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) U–Pb analyses of zircon from MYH, LXC to NX intrusions yield Late Triassic ages of 224–218Ma, establishing that the mafic and felsic magmas were coeval. The clinopyroxene diorites from the MYH pluton have high MgO concentrations at low silica contents, with positive whole rock εNd(t) (up to +3.8) and εHf(t) (up to +6.2) and zircon εHf(t) values and some mantle-like δ18O values. They are enriched in large ion lithophile (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) and depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs), which can be explained as melts derived from a depleted mantle, with some subsequent crustal contamination. However, the diorites from the LXC and NX intrusions are high‐K rocks and have high MgO concentrations and mantle-like δ18O values, but with negative whole rock εNd(t) (−12.9 to −7.6) and εHf(t) (−14.0 to −5.6) and zircon εHf(t) values, distinct from those of MYH pyroxene diorites, indicating that their parental magmas were derived from partial melting of an ancient lithospheric mantle. The granitoids from three plutons have high SiO2 contents and low MgO concentrations, suggesting they were mainly derived from crustal sources. However, the MYH monzogranite and granodiorite have positive whole rock εNd(t) and εHf(t) (up to +3.0) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating a juvenile crustal source, whereas, the LXC and NX granitoids have strong negative and variable whole rock εNd(t) and εHf(t) and zircon εHf(t) values, indicating that they were derived from partial melting of ancient lower crustal materials with involvement of mantle components. Field observations, geochronology, geochemistry, Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic and zircon Hf–O isotopic compositions point to a complex petrogenesis, where mantle- and crust-derived magma mixing was coupled with crystal fractionation, thus explaining the genetic link between mafic and felsic rocks. Identification of four components, i.e., depleted and enriched mantle and juvenile and ancient crust in the Late Triassic magmatism in the northern Liaodong Peninsula suggests a strong mantle–crust interaction process related to decratonization of the North China Craton.
► Magmatism related to decratonization of the North China Craton (NCC). ► Zircon Hf–O isotopes show multiple sources in the origin of Late Triassic magmatism. ► Magma mixing and AFC processes in the genesis of granitoids. ► Lithospheric architecture related to decratonization.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Water is essential for the formation of granites, but its origin and role in granite generation (i.e., dehydration vs. water‐fluxed melting) remain uncertain. These issues are addressed by combining ...water abundances and other geochemical indices in zircons from Late Mesozoic granites generated during the destruction of the North China Craton (NCC). The water contents in zircons from the NCC Early Cretaceous granites (763 ppm, median) are much higher than those of the NCC Jurassic granites (424–513 ppm), upper mantle and continental arc magmas (92–477 ppm). More importantly, the higher water contents in the voluminous Early Cretaceous granites also have higher zircon saturation temperatures, εHf(t), and lower δ18O values. These observations suggest a predominantly mantle origin for the water, and water‐fluxed crustal melting, in which larger water ingression produced more voluminous melts. The high‐water flux was likely related to the subduction of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate, which ultimately destabilized the NCC.
Plain Language Summary
The fact that water is essential in generating granites has been known for a long time. However, its detailed role is poorly understood due to heterogeneous source and complex melting reactions involved in the generation of granites. As a fundamental issue of granite genesis, it remains a long‐standing problem to distinguish the two major mechanisms, that is, hydrous‐mineral‐dehydration melting versus external‐water‐added melting. In this study, the water content of zircon combined with other lines of clues of I‐type granites that generated during the destruction of North China Craton (NCC) in Late Mesozoic collectively points to water‐added crustal melting rather than dehydration melting. The isotope composition of zircon suggests a mantle provenance of water. The highest water contents occurred in the Early Cretaceous granites, corresponding to the climax of the NCC destruction. Higher zircon water contents in Early Cretaceous granites indicate higher water‐flux into thelithospheric mantle and overlying crust by the subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plate. Accordingly, water played a significant role in cratonic destruction.
Key Points
Water contents of zircons from North China Craton Jurassic granites are comparable with continental arc magmas
Higher zircon water contents are found in voluminous Early Cretaceous granites generated during the climax of cratonic destruction
Early Cretaceous granites were generated by water‐fluxed crustal melting, the water in which has a predominant mantle origin
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Whole-rock major and trace element and Sr-, Nd- and Hf-isotope data, together with zircon U–Pb and Hf-isotope data, are reported for three alkaline intrusions (Liangjia, Jianfang and Hekanzi) in the ...Yanshan Fold and Thrust Belt in the northeastern North China Craton, in order to investigate their sources, petrogenesis and tectonic implications. The Liangjia and Jianfang plutons are mainly composed of medium-grained quartz syenites, whereas, the Hekanzi complex consists of nepheline-bearing pyroxene-biotite syenites. Zircon U–Pb dating gives emplacement ages of 254–246Ma for the Liangjia and Jianfang silica-saturated syenites and 226–224Ma for the Hekanzi silica-undersaturated syenites. The Late Permian silica-saturated alkaline rocks have high silica contents (SiO2=69.2–75.7wt.%) and low MgO (0.04–0.47wt.%) concentrations, and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and light rare earth elements (LREEs) but with negative Eu, Ba and Sr anomalies and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs), with significant negative Nb, Ta, P and Ti anomalies. Geochemical data and Sr-, Nd and Hf-isotopic compositions indicate that they were mainly derived from partial melting of lower crustal materials with extensive pyroxene and plagioclase fractionation. The Triassic silica-undersaturated syenites have relatively high MgO abundances (up to 5.3wt.%) at basic to intermediate silica contents. They are enriched in LREE and LILE and depleted in HREE and HFSE, with negative Nb, Ta and Ti anomalies. They have relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and relatively negative whole rock εNd(t) and εHf(t) values and zircon εHf(t) values. All these geochemical features indicate that they were the result of crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization of a mafic magma derived from an amphibole-clinopyroxene-rich lithospheric mantle via small degree partial melting. Based on the regional geology, the Late Permian syenites would form in a post-collisional extension setting, whereas, the Triassic syenites were most likely generated in an intraplate extensional setting, providing time constraints on the geodynamic transition from post-orogenic to intra-plate extension.
► First description of post-collisional and intraplate alkaline intrusions in the Yanshan Fold and Trust Belt. ► Petrogenesis of post-collisional and intraplate extensional magmatism. ► Late Permian post-collisional magmatism mark the geodynamic transition from convergence to extension. ► Triassic alkaline magmatism constrains — the geodynamic transition from post-orogenic to intraplate extension in the YFTB.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data and in situ zircon U–Pb and Hf–O isotopes have been determined for mafic (gabbro and diorite) and felsic (I- and A-type granites) rocks from the ...Zhangzhou batholith in southeastern (SE) China, in order to constrain their source and petrogenesis. The batholith consists of gabbro, diorite, granodiorite, monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite, with mafic microgranular enclaves in the monzogranite. Zircon SIMS and LA–ICP–MS U–Pb dating gives consistent emplacement ages of 107–97Ma for these rocks, establishing that the mafic and felsic magmas were coeval. The gabbros and diorites have relatively high MgO contents (up to 5.2wt.%) at low silica concentrations (up to 49.9wt.%), with relatively homogeneous whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (~0.706), negative εNd(t) values of −3.4 to −2.7, chondrite-like εHf(t) values of −0.3 to +0.5, zircon εHf(t) values of −0.8 to +3.2 and δ18O values of +5.0 to +6.1‰, indicating that they were derived by partial melting of an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle, coupled with olivine and pyroxene fractionation. The calc-alkaline granodiorites and monzogranites are metaluminous and have relatively high SiO2 and low MgO contents. They have whole-rock initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.706, εNd(t) ratio of −3.0 to −4.0, εHf(t) values of −2.0 to +0.3 and zircon εHf(t) values of −4.4 to +0.3, with Nd and Hf model ages of about 1.3Ga, indicating that they were mainly derived by partial melting of old continental crustal materials. The alkali feldspar granites have geochemical features similar to A-type granite, with relatively high K2O+Na2O and Nb contents and FeO/MgO and Ga/Al ratios. They have distinct isotopic compositions from the associated mafic rocks, with εNd(t) values of −4.9, εHf(t) values of −3.2 to −3.5, zircon εHf(t) values of −5.1 to +1.0 and δ18O values of +5.1‰ to +6.3‰. They are depleted in Sr, Ba and Eu, indicating that they were mainly derived from partial melting of crustal materials with plagioclase in the residue. Field observations, as well as the petrographic and geochemical data, suggest that the mafic and felsic rocks in the Zhangzhou batholith- were the result of mixing between lithospheric mantle-derived and crustally-derived magmas, coupled with crystal fractionation, in an extensional setting related to Cretaceous subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.
► Cretaceous magmatism in Southeast China related to extension. ► Zircon Hf–O isotopes show multiple sources in the origin of Cretaceous magmatism. ► Petrogenesis of Cretaceous I- and A-type granites in Southeast China. ► The role of mantle-derived magma in petrogenesis of A- and I-type granites.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
•Petrogenesis of highly-fractionated I-type granites.•Mineral component and whole rock geochemistry show crystal fractionation.•Zircon U–Pb age and Hf–O isotopes constrain on mantle–crust ...interaction.•Large volume of Jurassic granites in the coastal of southeast China.
Whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic data and zircon in situ U–Pb ages and Hf–O isotopes are reported for twelve granitic intrusions from inland to coastal areas of the Cathaysia Block, Southeast (SE) China, in order to constrain their magma sources and petrogenesis. They are mainly composed of biotite granites with minor granodiorites. Zircon U–Pb dating by LA-ICPMS and SIMS methods gave emplacement ages of 165–154Ma for these rocks, which are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous (A/CNK=0.95–1.10), with variable SiO2 contents and high K2O contents. They are all depleted in high field strength elements (HFSEs) and enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs), and show negative Sr, Ba and Eu anomalies in the spidergrams. Petrographic and geochemical features suggest the granodiorites that contain hornblende to be typical of I-type, while the biotite granites without hornblende are fractionated I-type granites. Their variable major and trace element concentrations are due to fractional crystallization of feldspar, biotite, hornblende, and accessory minerals, including apatite, allanite and monazite. Moreover, our data indicate significant variations in isotopic compositions of these granitoids from inland to coastal areas. The inland granites, from the Lapu, Fogang, Xinfengjiang and Baishigang plutons, have relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7105–0.7155) and low εNd(t) (−11.2 to −7.3) and εHf(t) (−10.9 to −6.3) values for whole rocks, and variable δ18O values of 7.69–9.25‰ and εHf(t) values of −13.5 to −6.7 for zircons. In contrast, the coastal granites, from the Longwo, Wushikeng, Lianhuashan, Shigushan, Chiliao, Hulutian, Mantoushan and Fenghuang plutons, show relatively low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7056–0.7110) and high εNd(t) (−7.6 to −6.2) and εHf(t) (−6.5 to −2.8) values for whole-rocks, together with εHf(t) values of −7.2 to 3.9 and δ18O values of 6.69–8.38‰ for zircons. The spatial isotopic variations suggest that these Jurassic granitoids were generated by different-percentage mixing of mantle- and ancient (Paleoproterozoic) crust-derived magmas, with subsequently minor crustal assimilation. Our results highlight that Jurassic fractionated I-type granites occur widely from inland to coastal areas of SE China, arguing against the previous view that Jurassic granites occur only in inland while coastal granites are mainly Cretaceous. The widespread occurrence of Jurassic granitoids in SE China is attributed to ascending of mantle-derived magmas, which provide heat for partial melting of lower crustal materials, in an extensional setting.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHC) have promising applications in medium and large-scale energy storage systems due to their high energy/power density, abundant potassium resource and low cost. ...However, the slow kinetics of battery-type anodes originating from the large-size K
+
results in a mismatch between the two electrodes, rendering the modest energy density of PIHC. Herein, we first develop an electrospinning strategy to successfully synthesize fibrous precursor by using the HNO
3
pre-oxidized low-softening-point coal pitch as the low-cost raw material. With further carbonization or KOH activation, the two types of carbon nanofibers (CNF) are fabricated as anode and cathode materials, respectively, towards the dual-carbon PIHC devices. Thanks to its three-dimensional interconnected porous conducting network and large layer spacing, the resulted CNF anode material is endowed with high reversible capacities, excellent rate and long cycle stability. Meanwhile, the activated CNF cathode with a large surface area of 2169 m
2
·g
−1
exhibits excellent capacitive performance. A PIHC constructed with the two fibrous electrodes delivers an energy density of 110.0 Wh·kg
−1
at 200.0 W kg
−1
, along with a capacitance retention of 83.5% after 10,000 cycles at 1.0 A·g
−1
. The contribution here provides a cost-efficiency avenue and platform for advanced dual-carbon PIHC.
Graphical abstract
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A combination of major and trace element, whole-rock Sr, Nd and Hf isotope, and zircon U–Pb isotopic data are reported for a suite of dolerite dikes from the Liaodong Peninsula in the northeastern ...North China Craton. The study aimed to investigate the source, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the dikes. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb zircon analyses yield a Late Triassic emplacement age of ∼213 Ma for these dikes, post-dating the collision between the North China and Yangtze cratons and consequent ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. Three geochemical groups of dikes have been identified in the Liaodong Peninsula based on their geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotope characteristics. Group 1 dikes are tholeiitic, with high TiO2 and total Fe2O3 and low MgO contents, absent to weak negative Nb and Ta anomalies, variable (87Sr/86Sr)i (0·7060–0·7153), εNd(t) (− 0·8 to −6·5) and εHf(t) (−2·7 to −7·8) values, and negative ΔεHf(t) (−1·1 to −7·8). They are inferred to be derived from partial melting of a relatively fertile asthenospheric mantle in the spinel stability field, with some upper crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization. Group 2 dikes have geochemical features of high-Mg andesites with (87Sr/86Sr)i values of 0·7063–0·7072, and negative εNd(t) (−3·0 to −9·5) and εHf(t) (−3·2 to −10·1) values, and may have originated as melts of foundered lower crust, with subsequent interaction with mantle peridotite. Group 3 dikes are shoshonitic in composition with relatively low (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0·7061–0·7063), and negative εNd(t) (−13·2 to −13·4) and εHf(t) (−11·0 to −11·5) values, and were derived by partial melting of an ancient, re-enriched, refractory lithospheric mantle in the garnet stability field. The geochemical and geochronological data presented here indicate that Late Triassic magmatism occurred in an extensional setting, most probably related to post-orogenic lithospheric delamination.
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