Current studies on tumor progression focus on the roles of cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME), and recent research shows that transforming growth factor-
1 (TGF-
1) released from TME plays ...a pivotal role in tumor development and malignant transformation. The alteration in cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, which not only provides cancer cells with ATP for fuel cellular reactions, but also generates metabolic intermediates for the synthesis of essential cellular ingredients, to support cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Interestingly, we found a distinct metabolic change during TGF-
1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in glioblastoma cells. Indeed, TGF-
1 participates in metabolic reprogramming, and the molecular basis is still not well understood. NADPH oxidases 4 (NOX4), a member of the Nox family, also plays a key role in the biological effects of glioblastoma. However, the relationship between NOX4, TGF-
1, and cellular metabolic changes during EMT in glioblastoma remains obscure. Here, our findings demonstrated that TGF-
1 upregulated NOX4 expression accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) through Smad-dependent signaling and then induced hypoxia-inducible factor 1
(HIF-1
) overexpression and nuclear accumulation resulting in metabolic reprogramming and promoting EMT. Besides, inhibition of glycolysis reversed EMT suggesting a causal relationship between TGF-
1-induced metabolic changes and tumorigenesis. Moreover, TGF-
1-induced metabolic reprogramming and EMT which modulated by NOX4/ROS were blocked when the phosphoinositide3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/HIF-1
signaling pathways were inhibited. In conclusion, these suggest that NOX4/ROS induction by TGF-
1 can be one of the main mechanisms mediating the metabolic reprogramming during EMT of glioblastoma cells and provide promising strategies for cancer therapy.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Due to the ferrite-austenite dual phase at high temperature, the hard martensite phase was introduced into 430 ferritic stainless steel (430 FSS) by rapid cooling. Through thermodynamic calculation ...and experimental analysis, the influence of martensite on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of 430 FSS during deformation and annealing was studied. The research results show that, after quenching at 800-1150°C, there is a martensite structure along the ferrite grain boundary. The grain size of the ferrite and martensite increases with the increase of the heat-treatment temperature. The hard martensite can effectively break down the ferrite band structure during the cold-rolling deformation process. After high-temperature annealing in the same process, the martensite disappears and the matrix is full ferrite. Among them, the recrystallized grain size of the 1150°C-quenched sheet is larger than that of the 1050°C- and 950°C-quenched strips, showing a stronger /-fiber recrystallized texture. Also, the finished annealed sheet quenched at 1150°C has a good match of strength and elongation, with a tensile strength of 690.3 MPa and an elongation of 17%.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Due to the ferrite–austenite dual phase at high temperature, the hard martensite phase was introduced into 430 ferritic stainless steel (430 FSS) by rapid cooling. Through thermodynamic calculation ...and experimental analysis, the influence of martensite on the microstructure, texture, and mechanical properties of 430 FSS during deformation and annealing was studied. The research results show that, after quenching at 800–1150°C, there is a martensite structure along the ferrite grain boundary. The grain size of the ferrite and martensite increases with the increase of the heat-treatment temperature. The hard martensite can effectively break down the ferrite band structure during the cold-rolling deformation process. After high-temperature annealing in the same process, the martensite disappears and the matrix is full ferrite. Among them, the recrystallized grain size of the 1150°C-quenched sheet is larger than that of the 1050°C- and 950°C-quenched strips, showing a stronger
γ
-fiber recrystallized texture. Also, the finished annealed sheet quenched at 1150°C has a good match of strength and elongation, with a tensile strength of 690.3 MPa and an elongation of 17%.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Summary
Lymphoid cells encompass the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells and Natural killer T cells (NKT), and innate immune cells (ILCs), including Natural Killer (NK) cells. During ...adult life, these lineages are thought to derive from the differentiation of long‐term hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) residing in the bone marrow. However, during embryogenesis and fetal development, the ontogeny of lymphoid cells is both complex and multifaceted, with a large body of evidence suggesting that lymphoid lineages arise from progenitor cell populations antedating the emergence of HSCs. Recently, the application of single cell RNA‐sequencing technologies and pluripotent stem cell‐based developmental models has provided new insights into lymphoid ontogeny during embryogenesis. Indeed, PSC differentiation platforms have enabled de novo generation of lymphoid immune cells independently of HSCs, supporting conclusions drawn from the study of hematopoiesis in vivo. Here, we examine lymphoid development from non‐HSC progenitor cells and technological advances in the differentiation of human lymphoid cells from pluripotent stem cells for clinical translation.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Plastic flow behavior of high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel with solution, hot rolling and cold rolling treatments were examined and analyzed by using the Ludwigson equation. It was ...shown that this stainless steel exhibit a two-stage strain hardening behavior, which can be well described by the Ludwigson equation. Based on the Ludwigson equation and the Considère instability criterion, two equations of the uniform plastic strain and the stress ratio (true ultimate tensile strength/true yield strength) to the strain hardening exponents were derived. Based on these two equations, the dependence of the strength and ductility on the true yield strength and strain hardening behavior was discussed and connected with the observation results of microstructures.
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IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Brazing of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steels was carried out by using Ni-Cr-B-Si filler metal. The effects of brazing temperature (1020-1100°C) on the microstructure and shear strength of the ...joints were investigated. The results show that BN compounds with hexagonal structure are formed at the interface by the reaction of N from substrate and B from filler. The brittle Cr
5
B
3
compounds with high microhardness are observed in the centre of brazing seam. The BN content increases and the Cr
5
B
3
content decreases with the increase in brazing temperature. However, the content of BN compounds played a determinable role on the joint strength. The optimal shear strength of joints was 176.7 MPa when the joining temperature was 1020°C.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The effects of TiO2 content on the crystallization behavior, microstructure, microhardness, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and softening temperature of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass ceramic fillers ...were investigated. The results show that the crystallization activation energy (E) firstly decreases and then increases with the TiO2 addition from 10 wt% to 20 wt%. The microstructure and phase composition of glass ceramics importantly depend on the content of TiO2. Low TiO2 content results in formation of Ti-contained crystals (CaTiSiO5) due to phase separation. In contrast, high TiO2 concentrations lead to precipitation of small titanium oxide crystals that act as nuclei, facilitating the development of CaAl2Si2O8. Furthermore, the formation of crystalline phases is beneficial for improving the microhardness and refractoriness of glass ceramics. The CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass with 15 wt% TiO2 addition exhibits the highest crystalline volume fraction possibly due to the lowest activation energy of crystallization. As a result, its microhardness and softening temperature can reach as high as 898.2 HV and 1027 °C, respectively. However, its CTE slightly decreases from 7.44 ... 10-6/°C to 6.35 ... 10-6 /°C after crystallization treatment because of the formation of CaTiSiO5.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Zingerone, one of the active components of ginger, is a phenolic alkanone with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we analyzed the role of zingerone against RAW 264.7 ...cells and acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. RAW cells or BALB/c mice were pretreated with zingerone one hour before stimulated with LPS. We found that zingerone significantly inhibited the production of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. When pretreated with zingerone, pulmonary histopathologic changes, as well as alveolar hemorrhage and neutrophil infiltration were substantially suppressed in lung tissues, with evidence of reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in murine acute lung injury model. The lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratios, as the index of pulmonary edema, were markedly decreased by zingerone pretreatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that zingerone attenuates the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathways through blocking the phosphorylation of ERK, p38/MAPK and IκBα, NF-κB/P65. These results suggest that zingerone may provide protective effects against LPS-induced ALI.
•Zingerone inhibited proinflammatory cytokine expression induced by LPS in vitro.•Zingerone attenuated pulmonary inflammation by block of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in LPS-induced ALI model.•Zingerone attenuated pulmonary edema in LPS-induced murine acute lung injury model.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Nanoindentation tests of the high nitrogen nickel-free austenitic stainless steel (HNS) were performed with peak load in a wide range of 100-600 mN to investigate the nanoindentation creep ...deformation behaviours. The results of the nanoindentation creep tests have demonstrated that the load plateaus, creep strain rate and creep stress of the cold-rolled HNS are larger and its creep stress exponent is smaller than the solution-treated HNS. The analysis reveals that the obvious creep deformation behaviour in the cold-rolled HNS arises from the rapidly relaxed dislocation structures in the initial transition regime, while the small creep deformation behaviour of the solution-treatedHNS is mainly attributed to that the stable dislocation structures for the intensive interactions between dislocations.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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