This paper describes a new delay-locked loop (DLL)-based frequency multiplier, which includes a lock controller and a phase detector to solve the false lock problem and overcome the limited locking ...range of conventional DLLs. By using the multiple clock phases of the DLL, the lock controller is able to indicate whether the delay time of the VCDL is within the correct locking range or not. A differentially controlled edge combiner is also proposed for the frequency multiplication. The antiharmonic DLL-based frequency multiplier, implemented in a 0.18-μ.m CMOS process, occupies an active area of 0.043 mm 2 , and dissipates 36.7 mW at 1.7 GHz. The measured root mean square jitter and peak-to-peak jitter for the multiplied output clock at 1.7 GHz are 2.64 and 16.8 ps, respectively.
A delay-locked-loop (DLL)-based clock generator for dynamic frequency scaling has been developed in a 0.13-mum CMOS technology. The proposed clock generator can generate a wide range of the ...multiplied clock signals ranging from 125 MHz to 2 GHz. In addition, owing to the proposed antiharmonic-lock block, the clock generator can change the frequency dynamically in one cycle time of the reference clock. The proposed DLL-based clock generator occupies 0.019 mm 2 and consumes 21 mW at 2 GHz. The ratio of power consumption to frequency of the proposed clock generator is smaller than those of conventional ones.
This paper describes a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) scheme for the dynamic power management (DPM) of the extendable instruction set computing processor. The DVFS circuit comprises a ...digitally-controlled DC-DC buck converter with a dual VCDL-based ADC and a low-power and low-jitter DLL-based clock generator with self-calibration. The prototype is fabricated in a 0.18-mum CMOS process. The implemented DVS circuit provides a supply voltage from 1.4 V to 1.8 V and the DFS circuit dynamically generates the system clock from 7.5 MHz to 120 MHz according to the workload of the embedded processor. The DVS and DFS circuits occupy 2.72 mm 2 and 0.27 mm 2 active areas, respectively.
A portable multiphase clock generator, independent of input duty ratio, has been developed. The proposed open-loop and full-digital architecture has a fast lock time of two clock cycles and is a ...simple, robust and portable IP. In addition, the complementary delay line is implemented to achieve high phase resolution at a wide frequency range. The generator has been implemented in a 0.18 um CMOS process and operates at variable input frequencies ranging from 800 MHz to 1.6 GHz.
With an explosive growth of data generated by various applications, one of the most important topics of the current era is to increase the storage capacity. The evolution from 2D planar NAND to 3D ...NAND enables the development of high-density storage by increasing the number of stacked word-lines (WLs) in a smaller footprint. The industry has moved beyond 96-stacked-WL and achieved a 128-stacked 3D NAND. A 128-stacked 3b/cell 3D NAND with a density of 7.8Gb/mm 2 was reported recently, based on a peripheral circuit under cell array (PUC) structure 1. Nevertheless, due to the constant demand for increased density, 3D NAND faces the following challenges 2,3: (1) a reduced PUC area due to an increasing WL stack, (2) increased load due to a higher number of stacks and a reduced spacing between WLs, (3) rising WL-channel capacitance due to an increasing number of strings, and (4) variation in the RC delay between WLs due to the non-uniformity of plug critical dimension (CD). Not only do these problems limit the density improvement of 3D NAND, but they also increase the WL rise time, which degrades read and write performance. This paper proposes the following techniques to overcome these challenges: (1) a 12-stage page buffer (PB) with one-to-one (1:1) PBUS(PB to cache connection bus), (2) a variable stage and frequency charge pump with a boosted local pump, (3) center X-decoder (XDEC) and half-plane activation, (4) an unselected string boosting scheme, and (5) adaptive WL overdrive (OVD). By applying these techniques, we achieved a density of 10.8Gb/mm 2 in a 176stacked 3D NAND using 3b/cell.
Ever since a 3b/cell (TLC) NAND Flash memory became the mainstream in nonvolatile memory market, a new demand for a 4b/cell (QLC) NAND flash memory has been emerging for low-cost applications. ...However, QLC has inherently much longer page program time than TLC because of 16-state programming within a limited program and erase (PE) window, as well as narrower V th distributions. The longer page-program time, subsequently, degrades sequential write performance. Thus it is not possible to meet the required sequential-write performance in applications such as mobile devices and solid state drives (SSDs).
DDR4 SDRAM is expected to realize low power consumption and high bandwidth using a 1.2V nominal supply voltage and to be a cost-effective solution for various applications. In this paper, bank group ...architecture, internal reference voltage level (IVREF) and pre-emphasis to overcome conventional operating frequency range are presented. CS_n to command/address latency (CAL), data bus inversion (DBI) and ×4 half-page architecture are introduced to reduce current consumption. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and command and address (CA) parity are adopted to check transmission errors in high bandwidth. Also, read CRC with DBI is calculated in parallel to mitigate calculation time and area penalty. Consequently, our 2Gb DDR4 SDRAM achieves 2.4Gb/s data rate at 1.0V supply voltage.
Chemical profiles of ethanolic (70%) and aqueous extracts of whole barley heated at 150, 190, and 230 °C were analyzed by GC–MS and their antioxidant properties were studied in vitro, in bulk oil, or ...in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion systems. More chemicals were detected in the ethanolic extract than in the aqueous extract from heated barley; heating decreased the contents of detected chemicals. Organic acids, mono- and di-saccharides, sugar alcohols, and glycerol were the major chemicals detected in both the extracts. Ethanolic extracts possessed higher in vitro antioxidant activities than the aqueous extracts. However, this trend was not clearly observed in the bulk oil and O/W emulsion. For O/W emulsions, ethanolic extracts obtained following heating at 150 °C prevented lipid oxidation better than others. Therefore, heat treatment at 150 °C is recommended to enhance the antioxidant activities of whole barley.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Mutants defective in the biosynthesis or signaling of brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, display dwarfism. Loss-of-function mutants for the gene encoding the plasma membrane-located BR ...receptor BRI1 are resistant to exogenous application of BRs, and characterization of this protein has contributed significantly to the understanding of BR signaling. We have isolated two new BR-insensitive mutants (dwarf12-1D and dwf12-2D) after screening Arabidopsis ethyl methanesulfonate mutant populations. dwf12 mutants displayed the characteristic morphology of previously reported BR dwarfs including short stature, short round leaves, infertility, and abnormal de-etiolation. In addition, dwf12 mutants exhibited several unique phenotypes, including severe downward curling of the leaves. Genetic analysis indicates that the two mutations are semidominant in that heterozygous plants show a semidwarf phenotype whose height is intermediate between wild-type and homozygous mutant plants. Unlike BR biosynthetic mutants, dwf12 plants were not rescued by high doses of exogenously applied BRs. Like bri1 mutants, dwf12 plants accumulated castasterone and brassinolide, 43- and 15-fold higher, respectively, providing further evidence that DWF12 is a component of the BR signaling pathway that includes BRI1. Map-based cloning of the DWF12 gene revealed that DWF12 belongs to a member of the glycogen synthase kinase 3β family. Unlike human glycogen synthase kinase 3β, DWF12 lacks the conserved serine-9 residue in the auto-inhibitory N terminus. In addition, dwf12-1D and dwf12-2D encode changes in consecutive glutamate residues in a highly conserved TREE domain. Together with previous reports that both bin2 and ucu1 mutants contain mutations in this TREE domain, this provides evidence that the TREE domain is of critical importance for proper function of DWF12/BIN2/UCU1 in BR signal transduction pathways.
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Mutants defective in the biosynthesis or signaling of brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, display dwarfism. Loss-of-function mutants for the gene encoding the plasma membrane-located BR ...receptor BRI1 are resistant to exogenous application of BRs, and characterization of this protein has contributed significantly to the understanding of BR signaling. We have isolated two new BR-insensitive mutants (dwarf12-1D and dwf12-2D) after screening Arabidopsis ethyl methanesulfonate mutant populations. dwf12 mutants displayed the characteristic morphology of previously reported BR dwarfs including short stature, short round leaves, infertility, and abnormal de-etiolation. In addition, dwf12 mutants exhibited several unique phenotypes, including severe downward curling of the leaves. Genetic analysis indicates that the two mutations are semidominant in that heterozygous plants show a semidwarf phenotype whose height is intermediate between wild-type and homozygous mutant plants. Unlike BR biosynthetic mutants, dwf12 plants were not rescued by high doses of exogenously applied BRs. Like bri1 mutants, dwf12 plants accumulated castasterone and brassinolide, 43- and 15-fold higher, respectively, providing further evidence that DWF12 is a component of the BR signaling pathway that includes BRI1. Map-based cloning of the DWF12 gene revealed that DWF12 belongs to a member of the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta family. Unlike human glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, DWF12 lacks the conserved serine-9 residue in the auto-inhibitory N terminus. In addition, dwf12-1D and dwf12-2D encode changes in consecutive glutamate residues in a highly conserved TREE domain. Together with previous reports that both bin2 and ucu1 mutants contain mutations in this TREE domain, this provides evidence that the TREE domain is of critical importance for proper function of DWF12/BIN2/UCU1 in BR signal transduction pathways.
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