High‐quality charge carrier transport materials are of key importance for stable and efficient perovskite‐based photovoltaics. This work reports on electron‐beam‐evaporated nickel oxide (NiOx) ...layers, resulting in stable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 18.5% when integrated into solar cells employing inkjet‐printed perovskite absorbers. By adding oxygen as a process gas and optimizing the layer thickness, transparent and efficient NiOx hole transport layers (HTLs) are fabricated, exhibiting an average absorptance of only 1%. The versatility of the material is demonstrated for different absorber compositions and deposition techniques. As another highlight of this work, all‐evaporated perovskite solar cells employing an inorganic NiOx HTL are presented, achieving stable PCEs of up to 15.4%. Along with good PCEs, devices with electron‐beam‐evaporated NiOx show improved stability under realistic operating conditions with negligible degradation after 40 h of maximum power point tracking at 75 °C. Additionally, a strong improvement in device stability under ultraviolet radiation is found if compared to conventional perovskite solar cell architectures employing other metal oxide charge transport layers (e.g., titanium dioxide). Finally, an all‐evaporated perovskite solar mini‐module with a NiOx HTL is presented, reaching a PCE of 12.4% on an active device area of 2.3 cm2.
A highly transparent nickel oxide hole transport layer prepared by oxygen‐assisted electron beam evaporation for perovskite‐based photovoltaics is reported. Using these layers in perovskite solar cells, efficient devices with stable power conversion efficiencies up to 18.5% for inkjet‐printed absorbers and 15.4% for co‐evaporated absorbers are demonstrated. In addition, good stability at elevated temperature and under ultraviolet radiation is shown.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
High‐quality inorganic charge extraction layers are of key importance for efficient and stable perovskite‐based photovoltaics. In article number 1802995, Tobias Abzieher, Ulrich W. Paetzold, and ...co‐workers introduce oxygen‐assisted electron beam evaporation of NiOx as a promising approach for the fabrication of highly transparent hole transport layers. By integrating these layers in inkjet‐printed and all‐evaporated perovskite solar cells, record PCEs are achieved.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this contribution, we report on a novel architecture for all-evaporated perovskite solar cells based on highly stable transport materials. The use of low-cost materials for the transport and ...contact layers reduces the cost of materials to less than one third of the common stack based on Spiro-MeOTAD and TiO 2 or SnO 2 . Initial results show stabilized efficiencies above 15% without major hysteresis and a remarkable stability against temperature variations up to 80°C. The homogeneity and ease of upscaling of the process to industrial relevant areas is demonstrated by µLBIC investigations. Using the architecture on top of textured silicon substrates might open up new applications for tandem solar cells.
Vacuum-based deposition techniques are a common route for the fabrication of high-quality optoelectronic devices on an industrialized scale at low cost and high yield. In the field of ...perovskite-based photovoltaics, however, vacuum deposition methods are less researched in the community today. Even though the fundamental concept of thermal evaporation of perovskite-based solar cells has been demonstrated, the number of reports about efficient upscalable all-evaporated approaches employing inexpensive raw materials is still limited. In this contribution, a novel architecture for efficient all-evaporated perovskite solar cells in pin -architecture based on a co-evaporated CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 absorber deposited on top of an electron-beam evaporated NiO x hole transport layer is reported. Stabilized power conversion efficiencies as high as 16.1% are achieved, resulting in the most efficient thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells employing a pin -architecture. Moreover, it is the first time in the literature that a co-evaporated perovskite absorber deposited directly on top of a metal oxide exceeeds a stable power conversion efficiency above 15%. Next to efficient devices, a remarkable stability against temperature variations up to 80 °C is demonstrated, highlighting the promising thermal stability of the employed charge extracting layers. Replacing the expensive gold rear electrode by copper reduces the material costs of the approach significantly while maintaining a good device performance and stability. The homogeneity and ease of upscaling of the all-evaporated approach toward industrial relevant areas is demonstrated by light-beam induced current mapping. Finally, a homogeneous deposition of the functional layers of the approach on top of a textured silicon wafer is shown.
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