Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is an important industrial plant providing ingredients for brewing and pharmaceutical industry worldwide. Its intensive production is challenged by numerous diseases. One of ...the most lethal and difficult to control is verticillium wilt, a vascular disease caused by the fungal pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae. The disease can be successfully controlled by the host resistance. Despite various studies that already researched resistance mechanisms of hops, only limited number of resistance genes and markers that could be utilized for efficient resistance breeding has been identified. In this study we aimed to follow fungus colonization pattern and the differential expression of selected genes during pre-symptomatic period of susceptible (Celeia) and resistant (Wye Target) hop cultivars. Results of gene expressions and fungal colonisation of compatible and incompatible interactions with V. nonalfalfae suggest that the hop plant is challenged already at the very early fungal colonisation stages. In total, nine out of 17 gene targets investigated in our study resulted in differential expression between inoculated and control plants of susceptible and resistant cultivars. The difference was the most evident in stems at an early stage of colonisation (6 dpi), showing relatively stronger changes in targeted gene expression to infection in the resistant cultivar than in the susceptible one. Analysed gene targets are involved in the overall defence response processes of nucleic acid binding, signalling, protein ubiquitination, cell oxidative burst, hydroxylation, peroxidation, alternative splicing, and metabolite biosynthesis. The up-regulation of some genes (e.g. glycine-rich RNA-binding family protein, protein phosphatase, cysteine-rich receptor-like protein kinase, zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 40, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, class III peroxidase, putative MAPK2, peroxiredoxin-2F) upon infection in incompatible interactions might reflect defence activation, restriction of disease spreading throughout the plant and successful response of resistant genotype.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is grown mostly as flavouring and bittering ingredient for beer and is also appreciated in the herbal and cosmetic industry, as well as in pharmacology. Among several ...diseases that damage hop growing, the most devastating in European hop production is verticillium wilt, caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae. Colonization pattern and differential expression of selected genes after artificial infection of susceptible and resistant hop cultivars with V. nonalfalafae in stems and roots have been analysed recently Švara et al., 2019. Here, we present the dataset related to verification of plant samples infections after artificial inoculation (fungi- and mock-inoculated). After inoculation plant samples were tested for the positive infection by PCR amplification of the V. nonalfalfae ITS DNA region with species specific primers developed and optimised for this purpose. For more insight please see the article “Temporal and spatial assessment of defence responses in resistant and susceptible hop cultivars during infection with Verticillium nonalfalfae”.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Consumption and production of digital goods and services have increased in Indonesia for the past ten years. A fast-growing e-commerce sector and an increase in digital payments supported the strong ...growth of the digital economy. Although Internet and digital transactions emerged in the late 1980s, the regulatory framework governing digital activities was only introduced in 2008 with the enactment of the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions. The government of Indonesia has relaxed foreign capital restrictions and provided fiscal incentives for digital businesses. Indonesia has also made commitments related to digital business in recent trade agreements in terms of the mutual recognition of consumer protection and cross-border data transfer. To encourage the use of ICT in public service, Indonesia introduced the 100 Smart City programme and has begun the implementation of electronic-based public service and operation (e-government). The government accelerated digital transformation during the COVID-19 pandemic by increasing the budget allocations for ICT in 2020 and 2021. To further accelerate digital transformation, the government needs to focus on digital literacy, nationwide integrated infrastructure, regulatory and institutional mechanisms and the innovation ecosystem.
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BFBNIB, CEKLJ, FFLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Justice for All is the first book that provides a comprehensive examination of social equity in American public administration. The breadth of coverage--theory, context, history, implications in ...policy studies, applications to practice, and an action agernda--cannot be found anywhere else.
We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of esmolol, an ultra-short-acting, β-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, to control the sinus tachycardia and increase in arterial blood pressure induced by ...electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Each of 20 patients, ASA physical status IIII, participated in a double-blind, randomized Latin-Square study involving two matched-pair trials (placebo versus esmolol given as a 500-μg/kg bolus followed by either 300 μg-kg-min high dose, 200 μg-kg-min medium dose, or 100 μg-kg-min low dose infusion of esmolol) during ECT. Each patient acted as his or her own control (total number of ECT procedures were 160). We administered a 1-min bolus of placebo (normal saline) or esmolol at the rate of 500 μg-kg-min followed by either high-, medium-, or low-dose esmolol or placebo for an additional 3 min. We then induced anesthesia with methohexital (1 mg/kg) and succinylcholine (0.5 mg/kg) IV. Ninety seconds after the administration of succinylcholine, the electrical stimulus was applied to induce seizure. The infusion of placebo or esmolol was discontinued 3 min after the electrical stimulus. Significant decreases were found in mean heart rate from minute 3 until minute 7 and in the maximum heart rate. The mean of each patientʼs maximum heart rate after seizure changed from 147 ± 18 bpm in placebo patients to 112 ± 20 bpm in high-dose esmolol patients; to 121 ± 23 bpm in medium-dose esmolol patients; and to 124 ± 20 bpm in low-dose esmolol patients. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in the high-dose esmolol patients (100 ± 18 mm Hg) compared with the same patients given placebo (122 ± 25 mm Hg). Finally, the side effect of clinically determined length of seizures decreased in the high- (36 ± 14 s) and medium-dose (34 ± 14 s) esmolol patients as compared with placebo (42 ± 11 s) patients. Low-dose esmolol did not significantly reduce the clinically determined length of seizure (38 ± 11 s). We conclude that the 100-μg-kg-min infusion following a 500-μg/kg bolus of esmolol effectively controls the hyperdynamic response to ECT.
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•Protectiveness of organosilane coating (PropS-SH) on patinated bronze was assessed.•Patina of cuprous oxide and sulphide does not protect the bronze against corrosion.•Both sprayed ...PropS-SH and Incralac® offer a good protection to patinated bronze.•PropS-SH shows excellent performance under UV light and simulated outdoor exposure.•Higher wettability of PropS-SH favours its penetration in porous patina structure.
A 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxysilane coating (PropS-SH) applied on Cu-Si-Mn bronze, patinated by “liver of sulphur”, was investigated as a non-toxic alternative to Incralac®, usually applied on outdoor artistic bronzes. Electrochemical testing was performed in synthetic acid rain. Exposure to temperature/UV cycles and accelerated corrosion test simulating unsheltered exposure to rainwater was also carried out. The exposed samples were characterised by FEG-SEM coupled with EDS on FIB cross-sections and XPS on free surfaces. The black patina without protective coating was scarcely protective against bronze corrosion and easily transformed into cuprous oxide. PropS-SH coating fully preserved the black patina microstructure and phase constituents (cuprous oxide and cuprous sulphide). The PropS-SH coating also resulted more protective than Incralac® when aged under run-off conditions. Selective dissolution of copper from the silicon bronze alloy was observed on both uncoated and Incralac®-coated bronze, leading to the formation of an internal Si-rich corrosion layer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Establishing a code of ethics has been a challenge in public administration. Ethics is central to the practice of administration, but the broad field of public administration has had difficulty ...articulating clear and meaningful standards of behavior and developing a means of upholding a code of ethics. Although a number of specialized professional associations in public service adopted codes, starting with the International City/County Management Association in 1924 and others after 1960, the full range of public administrators did not have an association to represent them until the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) was founded in 1939. Despite early calls for a code of ethics in ASPA, the first code was adopted in 1984, with revisions in 1994, but neither code had a process for enforcement. A new code approved in 2013 builds on the earlier codes and increases the prospects for ASPA to work with other professional associations to broaden awareness of the ethical responsibilities to society of all public administrators.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Spinal interneurons coordinate the activity of motoneurons to generate the spatiotemporal patterns of muscle contractions required for vertebrate locomotion. It is controversial to what degree the ...orderly, gradual recruitment of motoneurons is determined by biophysical differences among them rather than by specific connections from presynaptic interneurons to subsets of motoneurons. To answer this question, we mapped all connections from two types of interneurons onto all motoneurons in a larval zebrafish spinal cord hemisegment, using serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM). We found specific synaptic connectivity from dorsal but not from ventral excitatory ipsilateral interneurons, with large motoneurons, active only when strong force is required, receiving specific inputs from dorsally located interneurons, active only during fast swims. By contrast, the connectivity between inhibitory commissural interneurons and motoneurons lacks any discernible pattern. The wiring pattern is consistent with a recruitment mechanism that depends to a considerable extent on specific connectivity.
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•Serial block-face electron microscopy dataset from larval zebrafish spinal cord•All motoneurons (MNs) in one hemisegment reconstructed, showing three subtypes•Specific connections from “fast-swim” interneurons (displaced CiDs) to large MNs•No speed-dependent MN specificity for commissural interneurons (CoBLs)
Svara et al. use a three-dimensional electron microscopic dataset of larval zebrafish spinal cord to show that one type of interneuron (CiD), which drives MNs rhythmically, is partially selective in which motoneuron subtypes it contacts. This can explain mechanisms of orderly recruitment of MNs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Model City Charter has guided thousands of American localities in their
efforts to draft or revise their home rule charters by emphasizing “three e's”
of effectiveness, efficiency, and economy. A ...new edition should also provide
language on two new e's: equity and engagement.
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