This book sheds light on the complex experiences of asylum seekers and refugees in Poland, against a local backdrop of openly anti-refugee political narratives and strong opposition to sharing the ...responsibility for, and burden of, asylum seekers arriving in the EU. Through a multidimensional analysis, it highlights the processes of forced migrant admission, reception and integration in a key EU frontier country that has undergone a rapid migration status change from a transit to a host country. The book examines rich qualitative material drawn from interviews conducted with forced migrants with different legal statuses and with experts from public administration at the central and local levels, NGOs, and other institutions involved in migration governance in Poland. It discusses both opportunities for and limitations on forced migrants’ adaptation in the social, economic, and political dimensions, as well as their access to healthcare, education, the labour market, and social assistance. This book will be of particular interest to scholars, students, policymakers, and practitioners in migration and asylum studies, social policy, public policy, international relations, EU studies/European integration, law, economics, and sociology.
Recent UNHCR data show that nearly 3 million Syrian refugees have fled to Turkey, where they are not recognised as refugees. Turkey has, however, adopted a new law to offer Syrians temporary ...protection, which means a residence permit, access to education, health care and employment, but also an opportunity to acquire Turkish citizenship on certain conditions. This text focuses on the current regulations for the protection of Syrian refugees in Turkey, outlining the legal status of refugees and examining the impact of their influx on the Turkish policy towards asylum-seekers from non-European countries.
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Recent UNHCR data show that nearly 3 million Syrian refugees have fled to Turkey,where they are not recognised as refugees. Turkey has, however, adopted a new law to offerSyrians temporary ...protection, which means a residence permit, access to education, healthcare and employment, but also an opportunity to acquire Turkish citizenship on certainconditions. This text focuses on the current regulations for the protection of Syrian refugees inTurkey, outlining the legal status of refugees and examining the impact of their influx on theTurkish policy towards asylum-seekers from non-European countries.
The project of European integration has undergone a succession of shocks, beginning with the Eurozone crisis, followed by reactions to the sudden growth of irregular migration, and, most recently, ...the Coronavirus pandemic. These shocks have politicised questions related to the governance of borders and markets that for decades had been beyond the realm of contestation. For some time, these questions have been spilling over into domestic and European electoral politics, with the rise of “populist” and Eurosceptic parties. Increasingly, however, the crises have begun to reshape the liberal narrative that have been central to the European project. This book charts the rise of contestation over the meaning of “Europe”, particularly in light of the Coronavirus crisis and Brexit. Drawing together cutting edge, interdisciplinary scholarship from across the continent, it questions not merely the traditional conflict between European and nationalist politics, but the impact of contestation on the assumed “cosmopolitan” values of Europe.
According to the last updated UNHCR data (as of November 2021), approximately 4 million refugees fled to Turkey, out of which 3.7 million are from Syria. Such a huge influx of people ethnically, ...culturally and linguistically different from the Turkish citizens can be considered either as a threat or as a challenge to national identity. Although the former view is more popular nowadays, I will focus on the second one in order to present beneficial influence of immigration on building a multicultural society. In this article will I discuss the situation of Syrian refugees in Turkey and try to answer the question how the influx of Syrian refugees has influenced the Turkish national identity. Article consists of three parts. The first one presents the Turkish identity in traditional and theoretical understanding. The second one depicts influx of Syrian refugees as
a factor that causes changes in social and state relations in Turkey. The third part discusses the already seen impact of Syrian immigration on Turkey’s identity and its possible developments. For the aim of outlining the possible developments the identity change category (Todd 1995; Friedman 1994) was used. In order to analyze the possibility of turning Turkey into a multicultural state, as the Ottoman Empire was considered in the past, the concept of multiculturalism (Kymlicka 1995; Taylor 1992) together with the comparative method were applied. The existing secondary data were analyzed for the purpose of presenting the situation of Syrian refugees in Turkey.
Piotr Kłodkowski
Islam in India: Ideological Conflicts on the Subcontinent and Their Political and Social Consequences in the Early 21st Century
India's political coherence largely depends on New ...Delhi's ability to build a system of cross-cultural compromises among various communities. While the Muslim minority has lived and prospered in India for more than one thousand years, its relations with the Hindu majority have not always been harmonious. The partition of India in 1947 became a political reference point for many radical politicians interested in inciting communal conflicts that bring them political gains. Indian Muslims remain an ethnically and ideologically divided community and have not succeeded in setting up one political party in independent India. They are usually represented by regional parties in different states, but in all-India elections they frequently vote en bloc for the Indian National Congress, which is commonly perceived as a secular party opposed to extremist Hindu ideology. The author briefly analyses the history of Indian Muslims, presents the political consequences of the "Two Nations" theory and explains the reasons behind inter-religious clashes in contemporary India, predicting that the position of Indian Muslims will become a subject of fierce political debate in the years to come.
Andrzej Dybczyński
Double-Track Asymmetry: Alliances of the Republic of Poland in the 21st Century
In the last quarter century, Poland has been one of the foremost beneficiaries of the post-Cold War international order, but its 30 years of uninterrupted development now seem to be drawing to an end. The disadvantageous and largely unpredictable changes in Poland's internal and external environment impart special relevance to the question about the methods and means to ensure the security of the state in the years to come-security which until now seemed guaranteed. One way to achieve this is to conduct an effective alliance policy, understood as selecting allies and building relations with them is such a way that will add to the security of the state and discourage an enemy from open aggression. Hence the urgent need for Poland to formulate a more sophisticated alliance policy than the existing one. This concerns not so much the choice of allies (in this respect, the room for manoeuvre is relatively limited and the choices fairly obvious) as, first and foremost, the way it functions within existing alliances. The text outlines the determinants to which Poland's alliance policy will be subjected in years to come and suggests how this policy should be shaped based on the author's analysis of Poland's security environment and its foreign policy as well as on his research into the phenomenon of alliances as such.
Anna Maria Dyner
The Armed Forces of Belarus
The annexation of Crimea and the war in eastern Ukraine have significantly altered the security infrastructure in Eastern Europe and impacted the Belarusian authorities, who have begun to pay more attention to the condition of their country's military. The text examines the structure of Belarusian armed forces and their military relations with Russia. Regional defence alliances, such as the Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) or military cooperation (joint exercises and industrial cooperation) between Belarus and its allies are also reviewed, along with the condition of the Belarusian armed forces and their ability to defend the country's territory.
Patryk Kugiel
End of European Soft Power? Implications for EU Foreign Policy
Three developments in 2016 led to the EU losing a lot of its soft power, constraining its ability to exert influence on third countries. An evolution in its response to the refugee crisis, rising Euroscepticism and populism in Europe, and the Brexit referendum have all undermined the European project and image of the EU as a political model and global norm-setter. Though the EU still retains much strength, it must rethink how it uses its power, acknowledge the limitations, focus on rebuilding its credibility, and pursue more a pragmatic and modest foreign policy.
Justyna Szałańska
Legal Protection of Syrian Refugees in Turkey against the Background of International Legal Determinants
Recent UNHCR data show that nearly 3 million Syrian refugees have fled to Turkey, where they are not recognised as refugees. Turkey has, however, adopted a new law to offer Syrians temporary protection, which means a residence permit, access to education, health care and employment, but also an opportunity to acquire Turkish citizenship on certain conditions. This text focuses on the current regulations for the protection of Syrian refugees in Turkey, outlining the legal status of refugees and examining the impact of their influx on the Turkish policy towards asylum-seekers from non-European countries.
Beata Słomińska, Marek Wąsiński
The Prospects for U.S. Trade Policy under the Trump Administration
A reform of U.S. trade policy was among the priorities of Donald Trump's campaign. Guidelines of the new policy developed by Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross and Peter Navarro, head of the National Trade Council, were then included in the Presidential Trade Agenda for 2017. A lower trade deficit is a key target seen by the new administration as a prerequisite for boosting economic growth. Duties and taxes are to be introduced to countervail unfair practices, which are among the sources of the deficit. The new administration's preference for bilateral rather than multilateral agreements is reiterated. Keeping with his campaign promises, Trump has signed executive orders to withdraw the U.S. from Trans-Pacific Partnership and to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement.
David Cadier
Why France and Poland (Should) Need Each Other
If European politics is seen as an amusement park, Franco-Polish relations would be a roller coaster and a house of mirrors. Over the last three years, bilateral relations between Warsaw and Paris went from one of its highest to one of its lowest points in recent history. The causes and manifestations of the current tensions in diplomatic and political relations are well known. They should not, however, overshadow the substantive economic links and vibrant cultural ties between the two countries. Nor should they lead to discarding or underestimation of the potential that closer strategic and political relations could bear.
Agnieszka Szpak
International Solidarity as the Basis for Millennium/Sustainable Development Goals
The paper depicts international solidarity as the pillar on which the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) should be based, along with international cooperation and humanitarian and development aid undertaken within the process, thus contributing to human security and global peace. The implementation of the MDGs and SDGs will help close the gap between economically developed countries and developing ones. Humanitarian and developmental aid as specific forms of international cooperation based on international solidarity and rendered in accordance with the UN Charter are necessary tools to build peace and development, and, as a result, to solve many crises, such as mass migration.
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Some regions and cities in Poland face challenges due to an accelerating depopulation. Simultaneously, Poland is host to more than 2 million immigrants who mitigate the negative consequences of the ...population outflow and ageing. While bigger Polish cities adopted particular local strategies and measures addressed to migrants, the situation of smaller cities and towns, especially the shrinking ones, has not yet been explored. Therefore, we took a closer look at Lomza, a downscaled middle‐sized city in the east of Poland where two phenomena occur: the accelerating depopulation caused mainly by the outflow of its residents and an inflow of foreign migrants, both asylum seekers predominantly coming from Russia (Chechnya) and economic migrants mainly from Ukraine. We explored the state of the public policy towards immigrants in Lomza in order to see what a shrinking city can offer its newcomers when it cannot count on national strategy in this regard.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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Until They Become Citizens Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina; Pachocka, Marta; Pędziwiatr, Konrad ...
From Reception to Integration of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Poland,
2023, Volume:
1
Book Chapter
This chapter discusses the fundamental role of rights and citizenship in the successful integration of refugees. The numbers of naturalisation of refugees in Poland are low since, considering the ...statistics of granting international protection, ten times more people have been entitled to apply for citizenship than actually acquire it. However, even without citizenship, refugees engage in various civic participation in the host communities. The chapter aims to present two important domains of integration, namely the fundamental principles of citizenship and rights, and belonging and civic participation as forms of social connection. It outlines the legal framework of access to citizenship and other rights for beneficiaries of international protection in Poland. It also contains an overview of the refugee naturalisation statistics in Poland. Furthermore, it brings the findings of the RESPOND empirical research and sheds light on the experiences and perceptions of asylum seekers and beneficiaries of international protection towards acquiring citizenship, belonging, and their participation in the political, social, and cultural life of Poland.
Introduction Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina; Pachocka, Marta; Pędziwiatr, Konrad ...
From Reception to Integration of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Poland,
2023, Volume:
1
Book Chapter
This book focuses on the complex situation of forced migrants in Poland, one of the Central and Eastern European Member States of the European Union since 2004 and a Schengen zone member since 2007. ...This specific case study is particularly important given that the country's eastern border serves as the EU external frontier and hence is prone to the inflow of forced and irregular migrants from third countries, although since the early 2000s until 2021 both categories of migrants were not a real challenge for the Polish authorities. For the purposes of this publication, we focus on forced migrants, by which we mean people seeking asylum, wishing to submit, or having already submitted an application for international protection in Poland (regardless of the outcome of the asylum procedure), as well as those already granted international protection. The latter are considered beneficiaries of international protection and include people granted refugee status or subsidiary protection. In this introduction to the book, we also discuss the main theoretical and methodological framework of our work and present the book's structure.
Access of Asylum Seekers and Refugees to Education Sobczak-Szelc, Karolina; Pachocka, Marta; Pędziwiatr, Konrad ...
From Reception to Integration of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Poland,
2023, Volume:
1
Book Chapter
This chapter is to present the legal and institutional aspects of the integration of asylum seekers and refugees in the domain of education and examine the actual practices of integration in one ...chosen area, namely Polish language learning. The focus is put on adult asylum seekers' and refugees' access to Polish language courses, together with their effectiveness and participants' motivations for starting and continuing their learning, in order to see what facilitations and barriers there are in host country language acquisition by applicants and beneficiaries of international protection. The chapter also seeks to investigate whether the practices of language education at each step of the integration process (reception during the asylum procedure and actual integration after being granted protection status) are coherent. In addition, by presenting the actual practices of Polish language learning by refugees, the shortcomings and good practices in this area are identified.
