Given the detrimental effects associated with problematic internet use (PIU) and the need to better understand its nature and evolution, the present study examined the development of PIU in a sample ...of 1,750 adolescents (aged 16–19) from Finland over a 3‐year period. We documented the social (loneliness, perceived maternal and paternal behaviors) and individual (sex) antecedents, as well as the outcome implications (depressive symptoms, substance use, academic achievement) of PIU trajectories. Outcomes also predicted PIU trajectories. Latent curve modeling revealed an initially moderate, and subsequently decreasing trajectory of PIU. PIU was predicted by loneliness, paternal neglect, maternal care, depressive symptoms, and being male. In turn, PIU trajectories predicted increases in depressive symptoms and substance use, but decreases in academic achievement.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Rooted in Self‐Determination Theory, the present research sought to investigate whether the “bright” and “dark” side of human functioning (need satisfaction and need frustration, respectively) would, ...as determinants, differentially predict harmonious passion (HP) and obsessive passion (OP) for screen‐based activities such as Facebook use, TV series watching, online gaming, and smartphone gaming. For this purpose, four cross‐sectional studies were carried out (Ntotal = 1,065). Results showed that, across all activities, need satisfaction was negatively related to OP, but not HP. A similar pattern emerged with need frustration: It was positively related to OP, but not HP. Moreover, even after controlling for the self‐reported amount of time spent on the activities, HP predicted adaptive, activity‐specific outcomes, whereas OP predicted maladaptive ones. These findings suggest that general need satisfaction may be a protective factor against the compensatory function of OP, but need frustration may be a potential risk factor of OP and both should be taken into account in the case of passion for screen‐based activities.
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DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The present research proposes an improved understanding of work motivation by identifying employees’ motivational profiles while taking into account the dual global and specific nature of work ...motivation proposed by self‐determination theory (SDT). To document the construct validity of these latent profiles, we relied on the circumplex model of employees’ well‐being to investigate whether they differed in terms of burnout, work satisfaction, and work addiction. Results from analyses conducted among a sample of 955 employees revealed five distinct profiles characterized by differing levels of global and specific forms of motivation: Intrinsically Motivated, Poorly Motivated, Driven, Conflicted, and Self‐Determined. Lower levels of burnout and work satisfaction were associated with profiles characterized by higher global levels of self‐determination and more autonomous forms of motivation, matching theoretical expectations. Interestingly, work addiction was highest in the Driven profile and lowest in the Self‐Determined profile, suggesting that autonomous forms of motivation are not always able to buffer the adverse effects of controlled forms of motivation. Our results also suggest that the specific qualities of work motivations are just as important as the global levels of self‐determination in the identification of work motivation profiles.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The purpose of the present four‐wave longitudinal study was to examine the differentiation and reciprocal associations between burnout and depression, and their associations with a series of ...correlates related to employees’ physical and psychological health (sleep disturbances, somatic symptoms, self‐rated subjective health, and life satisfaction). A total of 542 early career Finnish workers filled out questionnaires four times over a period of 8 years. First, our results supported the superiority of a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (bifactor‐ESEM) representation of employees’ burnout ratings, and the empirical differentiation between burnout and depression ratings over each measurement occasion. These results further revealed moderate cross‐sectional associations between burnout and depression, supporting their inter‐related character but also their empirical distinctiveness. Second, autoregressive cross‐lagged analyses revealed that both constructs presented a moderate level of stability over time and reciprocal associations that generalized to all time intervals considered. Finally, relations between depression and all correlates measures during the last wave of the study were in the expected direction, whereas burnout was found to be more weakly related to only a subset of these correlates. Taken together, these results thus support the distinctiveness of burnout and depression, and the presence of mutually reinforcing relations between them.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In 2016, Pokémon Go became the most popular game in the history of smartphone games and was among the first games to feature geo-located augmented reality (AR) elements. The goal of the present ...research was to obtain a deeper understanding concerning the motivations underlying Pokémon Go use and to create a measure that assesses these motivations. By extending the framework of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire, three new factors – Outdoor Activity, Nostalgia, and Boredom – were added based on the findings of qualitative analysis, and which led to the creation of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire - Pokémon Go extension (MOGQ-PG). Confirmatory factor analysis was carried out on a sample of Pokémon Go players (N=621). Results demonstrated that the final 37-item, first-order, 10-factor model had appropriate factor structure and internal consistency. A second follow-up study on Pokémon Go players (N=510) examined associations between gaming motivations, problematic use, and impulsivity. Results demonstrated that impulsivity was not related to the MOGQ-PG motives. Results also showed that competition and fantasy motivations predicted problematic gaming behavior. The present research is the first empirical contribution to the assessment and understanding of the motivational background of playing AR games such as Pokémon Go.
•Through two studies we identified 10 motivational factors of Pokémon Go use.•The factor structure of this measure was stable during and after Pokémon fever.•Three game-specific motivations were: Outdoor Activity, Nostalgia, and Boredom.•Impulsivity was unrelated to Pokémon-Go motives.•Competition and fantasy motivations predicted problematic gaming behavior.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Although ample research has documented the implications, and organizational drivers, of leadership behaviors, very little research has considered these associations, and their consequences, from the ...perspective of managers. The present four‐wave longitudinal study addresses this limitation by focusing, using the Job Demands‐Resources model, on the work‐related drivers (job control, recognition, and workload) of transformational, transactional and laissez‐faire leadership behaviors, and the associations between these behaviors and manifestations of managers' psychological well‐being at work (job satisfaction, burnout, and turnover intentions). Analyzing data from 691 high‐level managers (i.e. school principals) using novel random intercept cross‐lagged panel model analyses, our results revealed that higher levels of job control and recognition, and lower levels of workload, predicted higher levels of transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. In contrast, laissez‐faire leadership behaviors were only negatively predicted by recognition. Transformational leadership was associated with the most desirable outcome levels (higher levels of job satisfaction, lower levels of turnover intentions and burnout), followed by transactional and laissez‐faire leadership. Most of these associations were limited to the between‐person‐level, reflecting stable mechanisms of influence, rather than at the within‐person level, suggesting the presence of homeostatic mechanism helping high levels managers to maintain a stable level of functioning over time.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives
The purpose of this research was to create two state measures of self-compassion based on the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS): an 18-item State Self-Compassion Scale-Long form (SSCS-L) that ...could be used to measure the six components of self-compassion, and a six-item State Self-Compassion Scale-Short form (SSCS-S) that could be used as a measure of global state self-compassion.
Methods
Study 1 (
N
= 588) used a community sample to select items for the SSCS-L and SSCS-S. Confirmatory Factor Analyses, Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), and bifactor modeling were used to analyze the factor structure of the SSCS-L and SSCS-S. Predictive validity was assessed by examining associations with positive and negative affect. Study 2 (
N
= 411) used a student sample to examine the psychometric properties of the SSCS-L and SSCS-S after a self-compassion mindstate induction (SCMI) to determine if its factor structure would remain unchanged after manipulation. Study 3 (
N
= 139) examined the psychometric properties of the SSCS-S alone.
Results
The SSCS-L had good psychometric properties and SSCS-S was also adequate. A bifactor-ESEM representation (with one global factor and six components) was supported for the SSCS-L, and a single factor was supported for the SSCS-S. Both scales were reliable. Psychometric properties were unchanged after the experimental manipulation of self-compassion. A total state self-compassion score and subscale scores were associated with positive and negative affect in the expected directions.
Conclusions
The SSCS-L and SSCS-S appear to be valid measures of state self-compassion.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study examined the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) using secondary data drawn from 20 samples (N = 11,685)-7 English and 13 non-English-including 10 community, 6 student, 1 ...mixed community/student, 1 meditator, and 2 clinical samples. Self-compassion is theorized to represent a system with 6 constituent components: self-kindness, common humanity, mindfulness and reduced self-judgment, isolation and overidentification. There has been controversy as to whether a total score on the SCS or if separate scores representing compassionate versus uncompassionate self-responding should be used. The current study examined the factor structure of the SCS using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) to examine 5 distinct models: 1-factor, 2-factor correlated, 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor (1 general self-compassion factor and 6 group factors), and 2-bifactor models (2 correlated general factors each with 3 group factors representing compassionate or uncompassionate self-responding). Results indicated that a 1- and 2-factor solution to the SCS had inadequate fit in every sample examined using both CFA and ESEM, whereas fit was excellent using ESEM for the 6-factor correlated, single-bifactor and correlated 2-bifactor models. However, factor loadings for the correlated 2-bifactor models indicated that 2 separate factors were not well specified. A general factor explained 95% of the reliable item variance in the single-bifactor model. Results support use of the SCS to examine 6 subscale scores (representing the constituent components of self-compassion) or a total score (representing overall self-compassion), but not separate scores representing compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding.
Public Significance Statement
This study examined the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in 20 diverse samples (N = 11,685), and excellent fit was found in every sample for an Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) single-bifactor model (with 95% of item variance explained by a general factor) and an ESEM 6-factor correlated model. Results support use of a total SCS score or 6 subscale scores, but not 2 separate scores representing compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding.
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CEKLJ, FFLJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PEFLJ, UPUK
The present study seeks to achieve a dynamic understanding of employees' job engagement trajectories, and of their time‐structured associations with leader–member exchange (LMX) and outcomes related ...to psychological adaptation (turnover intentions, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction and life satisfaction). A sample of 285 employees was surveyed three times (6 months apart) over a 1‐year period. Results revealed that employees' global job engagement followed high and stable trajectories, their specific cognitive and emotional job engagement followed slightly decreasing trajectories, and their specific physical engagement displayed non‐linear trajectories characterized by an initial decrease followed by a slight increase. Specific LMX contribution and LMX professional respect were associated with positive fluctuations in global job engagement, whereas global LMX was associated with positive fluctuations in specific emotional engagement. Specific LMX loyalty and LMX affect (at Time 1 only) were associated with positive fluctuations in specific physical engagement, whereas global LMX was negatively associated with these fluctuations. Higher global job engagement and specific emotional engagement were associated with negative fluctuations in turnover intentions and emotional exhaustion and with positive fluctuations in job satisfaction. Higher specific physical engagement was associated with negative fluctuations in job satisfaction, whereas higher specific cognitive engagement was associated with lower life satisfaction.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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