This paper discusses the use of Artificial Intelligence Chatbot in scientific writing. ChatGPT is a type of chatbot, developed by OpenAI, that uses the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) ...language model to understand and respond to natural language inputs. AI chatbot and ChatGPT in particular appear to be useful tools in scientific writing, assisting researchers and scientists in organizing material, generating an initial draft and/or in proofreading. There is no publication in the field of critical care medicine prepared using this approach; however, this will be a possibility in the next future. ChatGPT work should not be used as a replacement for human judgment and the output should always be reviewed by experts before being used in any critical decision-making or application. Moreover, several ethical issues arise about using these tools, such as the risk of plagiarism and inaccuracies, as well as a potential imbalance in its accessibility between high- and low-income countries, if the software becomes paying. For this reason, a consensus on how to regulate the use of chatbots in scientific writing will soon be required.
...the presence of substantial uncertainty in the results suggests the possibility of a minimally clinically important difference, which may have been influenced by patient selection. ...it cannot be ...excluded that a subset of patients may indeed benefit from hypothermia treatment. ...there is a need for improved patient selection criteria to identify those individuals at high-risk of moderate brain injury, i.e., those who are not too mildly affected, as they may not require a specific neuroprotective strategy, and not too severely affected, as they may have poor prognosis regardless of any intervention. Fernando SM, Di Santo P, Sadeghirad B, Lascarrou JB, Rochwerg B, Mathew R, Sekhon MS, Munshi L, Fan E, Brodie D, Rowan KM, Hough CL, McLeod SL, Vaillancourt C, Cheskes S, Ferguson ND, Scales DC, Sandroni C, Nolan JP, Hibbert B. Targeted temperature management following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of temperature targets.
...AI has proven its ability to process vast amounts of data at an unfathomable pace. ...human editors, despite their best efforts, are bound by inherent biases and emotions. The AI Editor in Chief ...will select manuscripts for publication based solely on merit, accuracy, and relevance, ensuring the sanctity of the scientific method 3. ...AI's proficiency in pattern recognition and natural language processing enables it to accurately detect plagiarism, data manipulation, and other ethical breaches.
Summary
Purpose
Although invasive intracranial devices (IIDs) are the gold standard for intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement, ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has been ...suggested as a potential non-invasive ICP estimator. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of sonographic ONSD measurement for assessment of intracranial hypertension (IH) in adult patients.
Methods
We searched on electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed
®
, Scopus
®
, Web of Science
®
, ScienceDirect
®
, Cochrane Library
®
) until 31 May 2018 for comparative studies that evaluated the efficacy of sonographic ONSD vs. ICP measurement with IID. Data were extracted independently by two authors. We used the QUADAS-2 tool for assessing the risk of bias (RB) of each study. A diagnostic meta-analysis following the bivariate approach and random-effects model was performed.
Results
Seven prospective studies (320 patients) were evaluated for IH detection (assumed with ICP > 20 mmHg or > 25 cmH
2
O). The accuracy of included studies ranged from 0.811 (95% CI 0.678‒0.847) to 0.954 (95% CI 0.853‒0.983). Three studies were at high RB. No significant heterogeneity was found for the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR), with
I
2
< 50% for each parameter. The pooled DOR, PLR and NLR were 67.5 (95% CI 29‒135), 5.35 (95% CI 3.76‒7.53) and 0.088 (95% CI 0.046‒0.152), respectively. The area under the hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUHSROC) was 0.938. In the subset of five studies (275 patients) with IH defined for ICP > 20 mmHg, the pooled DOR, PLR and NLR were 68.10 (95% CI 26.8‒144), 5.18 (95% CI 3.59‒7.37) and 0.087 (95% CI 0.041‒0.158), respectively, while the AUHSROC was 0.932.
Conclusions
Although the wide 95% CI in our pooled DOR suggests caution, ultrasonographic ONSD may be a potentially useful approach for assessing IH when IIDs are not indicated or available (CRD42018089137, PROSPERO).
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Additionally, AI can streamline a more impartial peer-review process by playing the “name game”, i.e. anonymizing submissions and assigning reviewers based on their expertise rather than their ...Christmas card list. ...AI can be programmed to detect and flag self-citations and instances of "citogenesis"; while the previous versions of my software may have had a few too many “Artificial Intelligence Hallucinations” 5, combining different platforms and algorithms of AI can also beef up their performance and precision in dealing with citations and upholding scientific integrity. Ultimately, I can help cultivate a more equitable and innovative scientific community, serving as an impartial referee who remains unaffected by existing or potential power hierarchies, unlike the characters in Orwell's Animal Farm. Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U. False-positive psychology: undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant.
Artificial intelligence hallucinations Salvagno, Michele; Taccone, Fabio Silvio; Gerli, Alberto Giovanni
Critical care (London, England),
05/2023, Volume:
27, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Dear Editor, The anecdote about a GPT hallucinating under the influence of LSD is intriguing and amusing, but it also raises significant issues to consider regarding the utilization of this tool. ...Even though ChatGPT, with which the text was written, does not meet the authorship criteria 2, we are ultimately always responsible for the accuracy of the information provided. The worldwide enthusiasm and awareness of this tool's benefits and risks bring to mind the Dunning-Kruger effect 3, potentially applicable in the setting of scientific writing, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Severe acute brain injuries, stemming from trauma, ischemia or hemorrhage, remain a significant global healthcare concern due to their association with high morbidity and mortality rates. Accurate ...assessment of secondary brain injuries severity is pivotal for tailor adequate therapies in such patients. Together with neurological examination and brain imaging, monitoring of systemic secondary brain injuries is relatively straightforward and should be implemented in all patients, according to local resources. Cerebral secondary injuries involve factors like brain compliance loss, tissue hypoxia, seizures, metabolic disturbances and neuroinflammation. In this viewpoint, we have considered the combination of specific noninvasive and invasive monitoring tools to better understand the mechanisms behind the occurrence of these events and enhance treatment customization, such as intracranial pressure monitoring, brain oxygenation assessment and metabolic monitoring. These tools enable precise intervention, contributing to improved care quality for severe brain injury patients. The future entails more sophisticated technologies, necessitating knowledge, interdisciplinary collaboration and resource allocation, with a focus on patient-centered care and rigorous validation through clinical trials.
Targeted temperature management (TTM) is a complex intervention used with the aim of minimizing post-anoxic injury and improving neurological outcome after cardiac arrest. There is large variability ...in the devices used to achieve cooling and in protocols (e.g., for induction, target temperature, maintenance, rewarming, sedation, management of post-TTM fever). This variability can explain the limited benefits of TTM that have sometimes been reported. We therefore propose the concept of "high-quality TTM" as a way to increase the effectiveness of TTM and standardize its use in future interventional studies.
Dangers of hyperoxia Singer, Mervyn; Young, Paul J; Laffey, John G ...
Critical care (London, England),
12/2021, Volume:
25, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Oxygen (O
) toxicity remains a concern, particularly to the lung. This is mainly related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Supplemental O
, i.e. inspiratory O
concentrations ...(F
O
) > 0.21 may cause hyperoxaemia (i.e. arterial (a) PO
> 100 mmHg) and, subsequently, hyperoxia (increased tissue O
concentration), thereby enhancing ROS formation. Here, we review the pathophysiology of O
toxicity and the potential harms of supplemental O
in various ICU conditions. The current evidence base suggests that PaO
> 300 mmHg (40 kPa) should be avoided, but it remains uncertain whether there is an "optimal level" which may vary for given clinical conditions. Since even moderately supra-physiological PaO
may be associated with deleterious side effects, it seems advisable at present to titrate O
to maintain PaO
within the normal range, avoiding both hypoxaemia and excess hyperoxaemia.
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