Logic and Majority Voting Takemura, Ryo
Journal of philosophical logic,
04/2022, Volume:
51, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
To investigate the relationship between logical reasoning and majority voting, we introduce logic with groups Lg in the style of Gentzen’s sequent calculus, where every sequent is indexed by a group ...of individuals. We also introduce the set-theoretical semantics of Lg, where every formula is interpreted as a certain closed set of groups whose members accept that formula. We present the cut-elimination theorem, and the soundness and semantic completeness theorems of Lg. Then, introducing an inference rule representing majority voting to Lg, we introduce logic with majority voting Lv. Formalizing the discursive paradox in judgment aggregation theory, we show that Lv is inconsistent. Based on the premise-based and conclusion-based approaches to avoid the paradox, we introduce logic with majority voting for axioms Lv
a
, where majority voting is applied only to non-logical axioms as premises to construct a proof in Lg, and logic with majority voting for conclusions Lv
c
, where majority voting is applied only to the conclusion of a proof in Lg. We show that both Lv
a
and Lv
c
are syntactically complete and consistent, and we construct collective judgments based on the provability in Lv
a
and Lv
c
, respectively. Then, we discuss how these systems avoid the discursive paradox.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
We extend natural deduction for first-order logic (FOL) by introducing diagrams as components of formal proofs. From the viewpoint of FOL, we regard a diagram as a deductively closed conjunction of ...certain FOL formulas. On the basis of this observation, we first investigate basic heterogeneous logic (HL) wherein heterogeneous inference rules are defined in the styles of conjunction introduction and elimination rules of FOL. By examining what is a detour in our heterogeneous proofs, we discuss that an elimination-introduction pair of rules constitutes a redex in our HL, which is opposite the usual redex in FOL. In terms of the notion of a redex, we prove the normalization theorem for HL, and we give a characterization of the structure of heterogeneous proofs. Every normal proof in our HL consists of applications of introduction rules followed by applications of elimination rules, which is also opposite the usual form of normal proofs in FOL. Thereafter, we extend the basic HL by extending the heterogeneous rule in the style of general elimination rules to include a wider range of heterogeneous systems.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
In the literature on diagrammatic reasoning, Venn diagrams are abstractly formalized in terms of minimal regions. In view of the cognitive process to recognize Venn diagrams, we modify slightly the ...formalization by distinguishing conjunctive, negative, and disjunctive regions among possible regions in Venn diagrams. Then we study a logic translation of the Venn diagrammatic system with the aim of investigating how our inference rules are rendered to resolution calculus. We further investigate the free ride property of the Venn diagrammatic system. Free ride is one of the most basic properties of diagrammatic systems and it is mainly discussed in cognitive science literature as an account of the inferential efficacy of diagrams. The soundness of our translation shows that a free ride occurs between the Venn diagrammatic system and resolution calculus. Furthermore, our translation provides a more in-depth analysis of the free ride. In particular, we calculate how many pieces of information are obtained in the manipulation of Venn diagrams.
OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to elucidate the residual disease distribution and recurrence patterns in patients with ESCC responding to NAC.
SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA:To appropriately plan a prospective ...trial for the organ preservation approach which includes additional chemoradiotherapy in patients who responded to NAC, the distribution of residual disease needs to be elucidated. Given that the residual tumor is located in the regional field, chemoradiotherapy can be safely added to eliminate the residual disease.
METHODS:Overall, 483 patients with resectable ESCC who received NAC followed by transthoracic esophagectomy at 2 high-volume centers were reviewed. The recurrence-free survival, overall survival (OS), and residual and recurrent tumor patterns were compared among the pathological responses.
RESULTS:Compared with nonpathological responders, pathological responders exhibited significantly longer recurrence-free survival hazard ratio of Grade 1b/2/3 compared with Grade 0; 0.25 (P < 0.001) /0.17 (P < 0.001) /0.16 (P = 0.003) and OS hazard ratio of Grade 1b/2/3 compared with Grade 0; 0.26 (P < 0.001) /0.12 (P < 0.001) /0.11 (P = 0.003). In terms of the distribution of recurrence, the percentages of solitary recurrence in the regional field out of all recurrence was significantly higher in patients with Grade 1b (60%) / 2 (67%) / 3 (67%) whereas less than 25% in Grade 0 or 1a.
CONCLUSIONS:It was found that postoperative recurrence in responders occurred in the regional field mostly as a solitary lesion without the distant failure, indicating that the residual tumor cells can be eliminated by additional chemoradiotherapy.
Purpose
To arrange multidisciplinary treatment for esophageal cancer, a simple and accurate predictive marker for prognosis is required. The current multicenter prospective study aims to validate the ...prognostic significance of fibrinogen and albumin score (FA score) for esophageal cancer patients.
Patients and Methods
Patients who were planned to undergo surgical resection for esophageal cancer at four participating institutions were enrolled in this study. Patient background, clinicopathological factors, and blood concentration of plasma fibrinogen and albumin were collected. Patients with elevated fibrinogen and decreased albumin levels were allocated a score of 2; those with only one of these abnormalities were allocated a score of 1; and those with neither of these abnormalities were allocated a score of 0. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated as a primary endpoint.
Results
From four participating institutions, 133 patients were registered for the current analysis. The distribution of FA score of 0/1/2 was 84 (63%)/34 (26%)/15 (11%), respectively. In the analysis of primary endpoint, the preoperative FA score significantly classified RFS (FA score 1/2: HR 2.546,
p
= 0.013/6.989,
p
< 0.001) and OS (FA score 1/2: HR 2.756,
p
= 0.010/6.970,
p
< 0.001). We further evaluated the prognostic significance of FA score under stratification by pStage. As a result, with increasing FA score, RFS and OS were significantly worse in both pStage 0–I and II–IV groups.
Conclusions
The prognostic impact of preoperative FA score was confirmed for esophageal cancer patients in the current multicenter prospective trial. FA score can be considered to predict postoperative survival and rearrange the treatment strategy before esophagectomy.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Purpose
Risk stratification to select appropriate candidates for adjuvant therapy is required for esophageal cancer patients based on adjuvant therapy advancement including immunotherapy. The current ...study aims to develop a novel staging system using pathological stage (pStage) and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Methods
ESCC patients who received NAC and underwent transthoracic esophagectomy at two Japanese high-volume esophageal centers were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic value of NAC response was evaluated within the same pStage, and a novel risk stratification to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS) was developed.
Results
The HR (95% CI) of pathological responders in pStage 0–I, II, III, and IV was 0.29 (0.07–1.17), 0.37 (0.12–1.10), 0.37 (0.15–0.92), and 0.24 (0.06–0.98), respectively. Responders in pStage 0–II were classified to be in the same class and those in pStage III/IV in another group, because the 5-year CSS (5y-CSS) rate of responders in pStage 0–I, II, III, and IV was 94%, 92%, 76%, and 71%, respectively. Combining nonresponders in pStage 0–II as the same group, all patients were subdivided into five groups. Intriguingly, the 5y-CSS in pStage III–IV responders was 75%, almost identical to that of nonresponders in pStage 0–II (78%).
Conclusions
The histological response influenced the long-term outcomes of patients who underwent esophagectomy after NAC, even within groups stratified by pathologic stage. The current risk stratification system will contribute to selecting appropriate candidates for adjuvant therapy.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Background
Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRPmAbs) are a favourable option for patients with migraine who experience distressful headache disability and fail to respond ...to traditional preventive treatment options. However, since CGRPmAb has been available for only 2 years in Japan, the difference between good and poor responders remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with migraine in Japan who responded well to CGRPmAb based on real-world data.
Methods
We analysed patients who visited Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between the 12
th
of August 2021 and 31
st
of August 2022, and were prescribed one of three CGRPmAbs (erenumab, galcanezumab, and fremanezumab) for more than 3 months. We recorded the patients’ basic migraine characteristics, such as pain quality, monthly migraine days (MMD)/monthly headache days (MHD), and the number of prior treatment failures. We defined good responders as patients whose MMDs decreased by more than 50% after 3 months of treatment and other patients as poor responders. We compared the baseline migraine characteristics between the two groups and performed logistic regression analysis based on the items that showed statistically significant differences.
Results
In total, 101 patients were considered eligible for the responder analysis (galcanezumab: 57 (56%), fremanezumab: 31 (31%), and erenumab: 13 (13%)). After 3 months of treatment, 55 (54%) patients achieved ≥ 50% reduction in MMDs. Comparisons between ≥ 50% responders and non-responders revealed that age was significantly higher (
p
= 0.003), and MHD and total prior treatment failures were significantly lower (
p
= 0.027, 0.040, respectively), in responders than in non-responders. Age was a positive predictive factor, and the total number of prior treatment failures and past medical history of immuno-rheumatologic diseases were negative predictive factors of CGRPmAb responsiveness in Japanese patients with migraine.
Conclusions
Patients with migraine who are older, with fewer prior treatment failures and no past history of immuno-rheumatologic disease, may respond well to CGRPmAbs.
Rapid deterioration of oxygenation occurs in novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and prediction of mechanical ventilation (MV) is needed for allocation of patients to intensive care unit. ...Since intubation is usually decided based on varying clinical conditions, such as required oxygen changes, we aimed to elucidate thresholds of increase in oxygen demand to predict MV use within 12 h. A single-center retrospective cohort study using data between January 2020 and January 2021was conducted. Data were retrieved from the hospital data warehouse. Adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) who needed oxygen during admission were included. Hourly increments in oxygen demand were calculated using two consecutive oxygen values. Covariates were selected from measurements at the closest time points of oxygen data. Prediction of MV use within 12 h by required oxygen changes was evaluated with the area under the receiver operating curves (AUCs). A threshold for increased MV use risk was obtained from restricted cubic spline curves. Among 66 eligible patients, 1835 oxygen data were analyzed. The AUC was 0.756 for predicting MV by oxygen demand changes, 0.888 by both amounts and changes in oxygen, and 0.933 by the model adjusted with respiratory rate, PCR quantification cycle (Ct), and days from PCR. The threshold of increments of required oxygen was identified as 0.44 L/min/h and the probability of MV use linearly increased afterward. In subgroup analyses, the threshold was lower (0.25 L/min/h) when tachypnea or frequent respiratory distress existed, whereas it was higher (1.00 L/min/h) when viral load is low (Ct greater than or equal to20 or days from PCR >7 days). Hourly changes in oxygen demand predicted MV use within 12 h, with a threshold of 0.44 L/min/h. This threshold was lower with an unstable respiratory condition and higher with a low viral load.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This was a multicenter clinical trial of rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal IgG antibody directed against CD20, for the treatment of refractory pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. In total, 20 ...patients were treated with two doses of rituximab (1000 mg; 2 weeks apart) on days 0 and 14. The primary end point was the proportion of patients who achieved complete or partial remission on day 168 following the first rituximab dose. Of the 20 enrolled patients, 11 (55%) and four (20%) achieved complete and partial remission, respectively; therefore, remission was achieved in a total of 15 patients (75.0% 95% confidence interval, 50.9%–91.3%). It was demonstrated that the remission rate was greater than the prespecified threshold (5%). In addition, a significant improvement in clinical score (Pemphigus Disease Area Index) and decrease in serum anti‐desmoglein antibody level were observed over time. Four serious adverse events (heart failure, pneumonia, radial fracture, and osteonecrosis) were recorded in two patients, of which only pneumonia was considered causally related with rituximab. The level of peripheral blood CD19‐positive B lymphocytes was decreased on day 28 after rituximab treatment and remained low throughout the study period until day 168. Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of rituximab therapy for refractory pemphigus in Japanese patients.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The incidence of dry eye disease is increasing worldwide because of the aging population and increasing use of information technology. Dry eye disease manifests as tear-layer instability and ...inflammation caused by osmotic hypersensitization in tear fluids; however, to our knowledge, no agent that treats both pathologies simultaneously is available. Molecular hydrogen (H
) is known to be effective against various diseases; therefore, we aimed to elucidate the effects of H
on tear dynamics and the treatment of dry eye disease. We revealed that administering a persistent H
-generating supplement increased the human exhaled H
concentration (p < 0.01) and improved tear stability (p < 0.01) and dry eye symptoms (p < 0.05) significantly. Furthermore, H
significantly increased tear secretion in healthy mice (p < 0.05) and significantly suppressed tear reduction in a murine dry eye model (p = 0.007). H
significantly and safely improved tear stability and dry eye symptoms in a small exploratory group of 10 human subjects, a subset of whom reported dry eye symptoms prior to treatment. Furthermore, it increased tear secretion rapidly in normal mice. Therefore, H
may be a safe and effective new treatment for dry eye disease and thus larger trials are warranted.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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