Grape skins produced during the grape juice production and processing contain abundant anthocyanins and other active compounds. Consequently, this study optimized the extraction conditions for ...ultrasound‐assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) of anthocyanins from grape skins via response surface methodology coupled with genetic algorithm. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest anthocyanins yield (3.01 ± 0.04) mg/g from grape skins by UAEE were obtained under an extraction temperature of 50 °C, ultrasonic power of 400 W, pectinase dosage of 0.16%, and extraction time of 28 min. The AB‐8 macroporous resin combined Sephadex LH‐20 techniques were further employed to purify the anthocyanins extracts obtained under optimum extraction conditions (AEOEC), and the main anthocyanins were identified using high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The purified anthocyanins contained two anthocyanins in terms of delphinidin‐3,5‐O‐diglucoside and cyanidin‐3‐O‐rutinoside with purity of 91.35% and 92.64%, respectively. Ultimately, we further evaluated the antitumor activity of AEOEC and two purified anthocyanins on breast cancer. The results indicated that the antitumor effect of AEOEC on breast cancer MCF‐7 cells was better than that of two purified anthocyanins. In addition, AEOEC could memorably increase intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and apoptosis of MCF‐7 cells, and arrest MCF‐7 cells in the G2/M phases. The findings provide an effective and feasible method for anthocyanins extraction and reduce the environmental burden of this waste.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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•A bubble dynamics model was established in the dual-frequency acoustic field.•The effect of coupling parameters (f, φ, β) on acoustic cavitation were discussed.•Enhancement and ...attenuation effects were analyzed by varying two ultrasonic frequencies.•The best cavitation effect was found when φ = 0, β = 1 and f = 5 kHz.•The attenuation effect is more likely to occur with an increase in f and/or φ.
To understand the effect of coupling parameters between two ultrasonic waves on acoustic cavitation, in this work, Keller-Miksis equation was introduced to built a bubble dynamics model that was used to describe the dynamic evolution of bubble and to discuss the effect of dual-frequency coupling parameters, such as frequency difference f (5 ∼ 280 kHz), phase difference φ (0 ∼ 7π/4 rad), and power allocation ratio β (0 ∼ 9), on acoustic cavitation in the presence of two ultrasonic waves irradiation. The enhancement and attenuation effect of cavitation have also been analyzed in detail by comparing the different dual-frequency combinations with single-frequency mode. It was found that all coupling parameters have a significant impact on acoustic cavitation, where the smaller values of f and φ were employed when β = 1, the stronger cavitation intensity was observed. Nevertheless, as the power allocation ratio is increased from 1 to 9 at φ = 0 for different frequency differences, the acoustic cavitation exhibits an attenuation trend. When the total acoustic power is evenly distributed, namely β = 1, the largest maximum expansion ratio (i.e. 12.96) was obtained at φ = 0 and f = 5 kHz, which represents a strongest cavitation effect. In addition, for different frequency combinations, the enhancement effect is found under the mixture of low and low frequency, whereas attenuation effect is generated easily by the combination of high and low frequency. Moreover, the effect become more pronounced as the proportion of high frequency component increases.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ultrasound assisted aqueous two-phase extraction of polysaccharides from Cornus officinalis fruit was modeled by response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN), and optimized ...using genetic algorithm coupled with ANN (GA-ANN). Statistical analysis showed that the models obtained by RSM and ANN could accurately predict the Cornus officinalis polysaccharides (COPs) yield. However, ANN prediction was more accurate than RSM. The optimum extraction parameters to achieve the highest COPs yield (7.85 ± 0.09)% was obtained at the ultrasound power of 350 W, extraction temperature of 51 ℃, liquid-to-solid ratio of 17 mL/g, and extraction time of 38 min. Subsequently, the crude COPs were further purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography to obtain a homogenous fraction (COPs-4-SG, 33.64 kDa) that contained galacturonic acid, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in a molar ratio of 34.82:14.19:6.75:13.48:12.26. The structure of COPs-4-SG was also characterized with UV–vis, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Congo-red test, and circular dichroism (CD). The findings provide a feasible way for the extraction, purification, and optimization of polysaccharides from plant resources
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Raspberry wine residues (RWR) contain abundant anthocyanins. The extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) of anthocyanins from RWR were optimized using response ...surface methodology coupled with genetic algorithm. The optimum extraction parameters were extraction temperature of 44 °C, ultrasound power of 290 W, pectinase dosage of 0.16%, and extraction time of 30 min. Results showed that UAEE exhibited the highest anthocyanin yield (0.853 ± 0.009) mg/g and extraction efficiency (84.75 ± 2.11)% when compared with the other three conventional extraction methods (hot water-, acidified ethanol-, and enzymatic-assisted extractions). UAEE method was available for realizing high activities of DPPH (417.15 ± 11.83) Trolox equivalents/g extract and ABTS (520.07 ± 8.29) Trolox equivalents/g extract, and reducing power (412.79 ± 9.11) Trolox equivalents/g extract. AB-8 macroporous resin, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC) were used to separate and purify anthocyanins in turn. The main anthocyanins were identified by using HPLC-MS/MS and NMR. The two main anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside with the purity of 93.46% and cyanidin-3-rutinoside with the purity of 94.16%) were obtained from RWR. Ultimately, we further evaluated the anti-tumor activity of the main anthocyanins on lung cancer. Results showed that the anti-tumor effect of cyanidin-3-rutinoside on A549 cells was better than that of cyanidin-3-glucoside. In addition, cyanidin-3-rutinoside could memorably increase intracellular ROS levels and apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. The UAEE is an effective and rapid method. This method has a broad application prospect in the extraction of bioactive substances from natural plant resources.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Summary
Plants form complex interaction networks with diverse microbiomes in the environment, and the intricate interplay between plants and their associated microbiomes can greatly influence ...ecosystem processes and functions. The phyllosphere, the aerial part of the plant, provides a unique habitat for diverse microbes, and in return the phyllosphere microbiome greatly affects plant performance. As an open system, the phyllosphere is subjected to environmental perturbations, including global change, which will impact the crosstalk between plants and their microbiomes. In this review, we aim to provide a synthesis of current knowledge of the complex interactions between plants and the phyllosphere microbiome under global changes and to identify future priority areas of research on this topic.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
7.
Cachier: Edge-Caching for Recognition Applications Drolia, Utsav; Guo, Katherine; Jiaqi Tan ...
2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS),
2017-June
Conference Proceeding
Recognition and perception based mobile applications, such as image recognition, are on the rise. These applications recognize the user's surroundings and augment it with information and/or media. ...These applications are latency-sensitive. They have a soft-realtime nature - late results are potentially meaningless. On the one hand, given the compute-intensive nature of the tasks performed by such applications, execution is typically offloaded to the cloud. On the other hand, offloading such applications to the cloud incurs network latency, which can increase the user-perceived latency. Consequently, edge computing has been proposed to let devices offload intensive tasks to edge servers instead of the cloud, to reduce latency. In this paper, we propose a different model for using edge servers. We propose to use the edge as a specialized cache for recognition applications and formulate the expected latency for such a cache. We show that using an edge server like a typical web cache, for recognition applications, can lead to higher latencies. We propose Cachier, a system that uses the caching model along with novel optimizations to minimize latency by adaptively balancing load between the edge and the cloud, by leveraging spatiotemporal locality of requests, using offline analysis of applications, and online estimates of network conditions. We evaluate Cachier for image-recognition applications and show that our techniques yield 3x speedup in responsiveness, and perform accurately over a range of operating conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that models edge servers as caches for compute-intensive recognition applications, and Cachier is the first system that uses this model to minimize latency for these applications.
Anthocyanins are natural flavonoid organic compounds widely existing in natural fruits and vegetables. Increasing researches have confirmed that anthocyanins have various biological activities, such ...as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, anti-aging, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, anthocyanins have been widely used in food, health products, cosmetics, medicine, chemical industry, and other fields. The extraction and purification of anthocyanins from natural plants is the premise of anthocyanins application. The research progresses and future prospects of anthocyanins must be systematically reviewed to promote their better understanding. This paper reviewed the latest research progress in extraction and purification of anthocyanins, analyzed and compared the effects of different extraction and purification methods on the extraction rate and purity of anthocyanins. This review can provide scientific basis for the research and industrial utilization of anthocyanins.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
As local communities within a metacommunity may differ considerably in their contributions to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, it has been suggested that conservation priority should be given ...to disproportionately important local communities (i.e., keystone communities). However, we know little about what characterizes a keystone community. Using laboratory protist microcosms as the model system, we examined how the environmental uniqueness and location of a local community affect its contributions to the metacommunities. We found that the removal of local communities with unique environmental conditions, which supported endemic species, reduced regional-scale diversity, qualifying them as regional-scale keystone communities. In addition, the local communities possessing unique environmental conditions had greater impacts on ecosystem functions, including biovolume production and particulate organic matter decomposition. We also found that keystone communities for biovolume production were not keystone for organic matter decomposition, and vice versa. Our study, therefore, demonstrates the important role of keystone communities in maintaining biodiversity and functioning of metacommunities.
•A variety of extraction methods of polysaccharides from fungi are reviewed and compared.•Purification methods, structure of fungal polysaccharides were reviewed.•Diverse biological activities of ...fungal polysaccharides were outlined.•Structure-activity relationships of fungal polysaccharides were discussed.
Fungi, as the unique natural resource, are rich in polysaccharides, proteins, fats, vitamins, and other components. Therefore, they have good medical and nutritional values. Polysaccharides are considered one of the most important bioactive components in fungi. Increasing researches have confirmed that fungal polysaccharides have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and radioprotective activities. Consequently, the research progresses and future prospects of fungal polysaccharides must be systematically reviewed to promote their better understanding. This paper reviewed the extraction, purification, structure, biological activity, and underlying molecular mechanisms of fungal polysaccharides. Moreover, the structure–activity relationships of fungal polysaccharides were emphasized and discussed. This review can provide scientific basis for the research and industrial utilization of fungal polysaccharides.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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