The plant hormone auxin plays crucial roles in regulating plant growth development, including embryo and root patterning, organ formation, vascular tissue differentiation and growth responses to ...environmental stimuli. Asymmetric auxin distribution patterns have been observed within tissues, and these so-called auxin gradients change dynamically during different developmental processes. Most auxin is synthesized in the shoot and distributed directionally throughout the plant. This polar auxin transport is mediated by auxin influx and efflux facilitators, whose subcellular polar localizations guide the direction of auxin flow. The polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers changes in response to developmental and external cues in order to channel auxin flow in a regulated manner for organized growth. Auxin itself modulates the expression and subcellular localization of PIN proteins, contributing to a complex pattern of feedback regulation. Here we review the available information mainly from studies of a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, on the generation of auxin gradients, the regulation of polar auxin transport and further downstream cellular events.
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EMUNI, FZAB, GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
42.
July consultation #8 Tanaka, H. George, MD
Journal of cataract and refractive surgery
42, Issue:
7
Journal Article
Modeling of impurity-seeded plasma in Large Helical Device is presented for the first time by using the three-dimensional transport code EMC3-EIRENE. High and low recycling coefficients for impurity ...ions are assumed to include low and high absorption rates on wall surfaces due to low and high chemical activity of neon and nitrogen, respectively. Radiation power measured by two bolometer systems and particle flux measured by divertor probes installed in multiple toroidal sections are utilized to determine impurity amount in the plasma. The toroidal uniformity and the non-uniformity of a divertor flux reduction observed experimentally for neon and nitrogen seeding, respectively, are reproduced by the model. Validations by measurements and deviations between the model and the experiment are discussed.
Detector developments for high performance Muography applications Varga, D.; Nyitrai, G.; Hamar, G. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
04/2020, Volume:
958
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Muography allows imaging of large scale objects using cosmic muons. As the observation point needs to be below the object of interest, either the detector is placed underground, and can reveal ...density structures, or, the detector can be on the surface and look sideways, capturing muons closer to the horizon.
As the measurement time is fundamentally limited by the muon flux, long term operation must be achieved with high efficiency. Furthermore, reasonable imaging from a large distance requires good angular resolution. The relevance of addressing the out-of-laboratory environment is demonstrated on the example of a 4 square metre telescope targeting the Sakurajima volcano in Japan.
For open air detectors, the suppression of the low energy (non penetrating) muon background can be reached with a telescope using absorber (scatterer) layers between detector layers with good position resolution. The presented Muography Observation System achieves that using MWPC-s, combined with the relevant servicing systems providing reliable power and gas supply, as well as data acquisition and transfer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors in the innate immune system that is a specific immunologic response to systemic bacterial infection. We investigated whether cerebral ...ischemia induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h differed in mice that lack a functional TLR3, TLR4, or TLR9 signaling pathway. TLR4, but not TLR3 or TLR9, knock-out (KO) mice had significantly smaller infarct area and volume at 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with wild-type mice. In addition, TLR4 KO mice improved in neurological deficits after I/R compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, we investigated the expression of TLR4 in the ischemic brain with immunohistochemistry. The number of TLR4-positive cells gradually increased from 1 h after MCAO to 22 h after I/R. We also examined the localization of TLR4 in the ischemic area. TLR4 was localized with CD11b-positive microglial cells in the ischemic striatum and the number of CD11b-positive microglial cells was smaller in TLR4 KO mice than in wild-type mice. In addition, we investigated the translocation of NF-κB among TLR3, 4, and 9 KO mice after I/R injury using western blotting. NF-κB's p65 subunit was decreased in TLR4 KO mice compared to wild-type mice, but not TLR3 or 9 KO mice. These data suggest that TLR4 knockout, but not TLR3 or TLR9 knockout, may play a neuroprotective role in ischemic brain injury induced by MCAO in mice.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. A total of 28 electron neutrino ...events were detected with an energy distribution consistent with an appearance signal, corresponding to a significance of 7.3σ when compared to 4.92±0.55 expected background events. In the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing model, the electron neutrino appearance signal depends on several parameters including three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, a mass difference Δm(32)(2) and a CP violating phase δ(CP). In this neutrino oscillation scenario, assuming |Δm(32)(2)|=2.4×10(-3) eV(2), sin(2)θ(23)=0.5, and Δm322>0 (Δm(32)(2)<0), a best-fit value of sin(2)2θ(13)=0.140(-0.032)(+0.038) (0.170(-0.037)(+0.045)) is obtained at δ(CP)=0. When combining the result with the current best knowledge of oscillation parameters including the world average value of θ(13) from reactor experiments, some values of δ(CP) are disfavored at the 90% C.L.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
•Objective method for crustal modeling based on Bayesian inference is developed and applied to Japan arc.•Biases in conventional geochemical methods are investigated and a new bias-free rock ...composition model is presented.•Geo-neutrino flux from the Japan crust is calculated with fully probabilistic uncertainty estimation.
Geoneutrino observations, first achieved by KamLAND in 2005 and followed by Borexino in 2010, have accumulated statistics and improved sensitivity for more than ten years. The uncertainty of the geoneutrino flux at the surface is now reduced to a level small enough to set useful constraints on U and Th abundances in the Bulk Silicate Earth (BSE). However, in order to make inferences on earth’s compositional model, the contributions from the local crust need to be understood within a similar uncertainty. Here we develop a new method to construct a stochastic crustal composition model utilizing Bayesian inference. While the methodology has general applicability, it incorporates all the local uniqueness in its probabilistic framework. Unlike common approaches for this type of problem, our method does not depend on crustal segmentation into upper, (middle) and lower, whose classification and boundaries are not always well defined. We also develop a new modeling method to infer rock composition distributions that conserve mass balance and therefore do not bias the results. Combined with a new vast collection of geochemical data for rock samples in the Japan arc, we apply this method to geoneutrino observation at Kamioka, Japan. Currently a difficulty remains in the handling of correlations in the flux integration; we conservatively assume maximum correlation, which leads to large flux estimation errors of 60–70%. Despite the large errors, this is the first local crustal model for geoneutrino flux prediction with probabilistic error estimation in a reproducible way.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper presents the first combined measurement of the double-differential muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current cross sections with no pions in the final state on hydrocarbon at the ...off-axis near detector of the T2K experiment. The data analyzed in this work comprise 5.8 × 10 20 and 6.3 × 10 20 protons on target in neutrino and antineutrino mode respectively, at a beam energy peak of 0.6 GeV. Using the two measured cross sections, the sum, difference, and asymmetry were calculated with the aim of better understanding the nuclear effects involved in such interactions. The extracted measurements have been compared with the prediction from different Monte Carlo generators and theoretical models showing that the difference between the two cross sections have interesting sensitivity to nuclear effects.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
As a baryon number violating process with ΔB = 2, neutron-antineutron oscillation (n → n) provides a unique test of baryon number conservation. We have performed a search for n → n oscillation with ...bound neutrons in Super-Kamiokande, with the full dataset from its first four run periods, representing an exposure of 0.37 Mton − years. The search used a multivariate analysis trained on simulated n → n events and atmospheric neutrino backgrounds and resulted in 11 candidate events with an expected background of 9.3 events. In the absence of statistically significant excess, we derived a lower limit on n appearance lifetime in 16O nuclei of 3.6 × 1032 years and on the neutron-antineutron oscillation time of τn→n > 4.7 × 108 s at 90% C.L.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UM
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