The purpose of the present study was to determine the postoperative analgesic effects of lornoxicam and the reduction in tramadol consumption. Fourty patients of ASA class I-II, 18-70 years of age, ...undergoing thyroidectomy were assigned in a randomized manner into two groups: GroupL received 8 mg of lornoxicam i.v. at the end of the operation followed by 8 mg of lornoxicam b.i.d., i.v. for 24 hours postoperatively. GroupP received 4 ml of saline solution i.v. at the end of the operation and the same amount b.i.d., i.v. for 24 hours postoperatively. The requirements for supplemental analgesics were recorded at 0-6, 6-12 and 12-24 hour intervals. Postoperative pain scores were evaluated at 15th min. and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18 and 24th hours using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The time to first analgesic requirement was significantly longer in GroupL compared to GroupP (101.7 vs 37.9 min, p<0.001). Pain scores were significantly lower in GroupL compared to GroupP at 15th min, 1, 8 ,12 and 18th hours. Twenty four hour analgesic consumption was significantly lower in GroupL compared to GroupP (p<0.05). The amount of tramadol consumed in GroupL was 60% lower compared to GroupP (100 mg and 250 mg (mean), respectively). 100% of the patients in GroupL and 60 % of the patients in GroupP needed supplemental analgesics. The degree of satisfaction with postoperative pain management was excellent in 95 % of patients in GroupL and 25 % of patients in GroupP. Eighteen patients in GroupP and 9 patients in GroupL had nausea (p=0.002), and fifteen patients in GroupP and 8 patients in GroupL had vomiting (p=0.025). Lornoxicam decreased the opioid need, the incidence of nausea and vomiting and postoperative pain scores. Moreover, it was observed that the time needed for the first analgesic requirement was prolonged following thyroidectomies.
The effects of hydroxypropyl-{/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge946.gif}-cyclodext r in and methyl-{/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge946.gif}-cyclodextrin on the solubility of ketoconazole were ...studied. Products were prepared by physical mixing, kneading and spray-drying methods in four molecular ratios. Kneaded products in a ratio of drug: cyclodextrin (1:2) and spray-dried products showed the highest dissolution rate. Phase solubility diagrams of ketoconazole with these cyclodextrins at 25,°C in water and simulated intestinal medium were constructed. A solubility diagram of AL type was obtained with hydroxypropyl-{/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge946.gif}-cyclodext r in, and AP type with methyl-{/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge946.gif}-cyclodextrin. The complexes were characterized by thermal methods (DSC, TG, DTG and DTA). Multicomponent systems were prepared with tartaric acid. The effects of water-soluble polymers, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, on the aqueous solubility of ketoconazole were investigated. The particle size of ketoconazole (70 {/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge8764.gif} {/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge956.gif}m) is reduced to 12 {/content/rq312r047x60273m/xxlarge956.gif}m by the preparation of spray-dried products. As the solubilty in water increased, the partition coefficient, surface tension and wetting angle values decreased. Ketoconazole needed more energy for dissolution compared to the products. In order to examine complex formation thermal methods were used.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Complex formation between CDs and a very poorly water-soluble antifungal agent, clotrimazole (CLT), was studied. Products containing {/content/u5g015502nk1x240/xxlarge947.gif}-CD were prepared in two ...molecular ratios by four methods. The rates of dissolution ofthe 1 : 1 drug/CD combinations revealed better dissolution properties than thoseof the 1 : 2 products. Drug/CD interactions in both aqueous solution and the solidstate were studied by phase solubility and thermal analysis. The effects of differentauxiliary materials (polymers, hydroxy acids and surfactants) on the aqueous solubilityof CLT were investigated. The aqueous solubility of CLT was increased significantly bythe addition of the auxiliary materials. Particle size distribution, partition coefficient,surface tension, heat of dissolution and wettability studies were also carried out.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and total protein (TP) levels.
Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were ...randomized into 10 groups, each consisting of 10 rats. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of anesthesia and sham-operated control rats, respectively. In the study groups, 10 mm Hg (group 3) and 15 mm Hg (group 4) pneumoperitoneum with CO2 were accomplished. At the end of the procedures, the brains and adrenals were removed quickly, and the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla separated, weighed, and homogenized. TH activity and TP levels were determined.
The adrenal medulla TP and TH activity levels were decreased consistently and this decrease was significant in the sham and pneumoperitoneum groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). The adrenal medulla TP and TH activity levels were reduced significantly in group 4, as compared with the other groups (P<0.05). Elevation of hypothalamic TH activity in group 4 was significantly higher than in the other groups (P<0.05).
These results indicate that CO2 pneumoperitoneum applied with 10 and 15 mm Hg pressure gradually decreases the adrenal medulla TH activity; TH is an indispensable enzyme for the biosynthesis of catecholamines. CO2 pneumoperitoneum with 15 mm Hg pressure significantly elevated hypothalamus TH activity.
Both thyroid hormones and leptin affect sympathetic nervous system activity, basal metabolic rate, body fat mass, food intake, and thermogenesis, and each one also affects the actions of the other. ...We examined the alterations in serum leptin concentrations and leptin mRNA expression in hypothyroid rats and investigated the relation between serum leptin and leptin mRNA levels with the total adipose tissue mass and total body weight. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups, euthyroid and hypothyroid. Their body compositions were examined by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry at the beginning and end of the study. Serum leptin concentrations and levels of leptin mRNA in the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue were measured at the end of the study. Serum leptin concentrations did not show any difference between the two groups (1.9 ± 0.2 ng ml in the hypo and euthyroid group, P > 0.05), but the fat mass of the hypothyroid rats were lower than the euthyroid rats (21.1 ± 2.5 g in the euthyroid group and 14.2 ± 1.9 g in the hypothyroid group, P > 0.05 between groups at the end of the study) although the difference between the groups was statistically not significant. Leptin mRNA level was significantly higher in the hypothyroid group than in the euthyroid group (21.6 ± 1.6 vs. 15.1 ± 1.2 ng respectively, P = 0.002) although the dissected retroperitoneal fat weight was significantly lower in the hypothyroid group versus the euthyroid group (1.0 ± 0.2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.2 g respectively, P = 0.013). In conclusion, the change of leptin mRNA expression in white adipocytes was thought to be the direct result of hypothyroidism or a compensatory response to metabolic changes caused by hypothyroidism.
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DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are two important adipose tissue factors involved in energy metabolism regulation. It has been shown that PPARgamma agonists decrease leptin ...levels. However, the effects of PPARalpha agonists on leptin have not been investigated much. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone (RSG) and PPARalpha agonist gemfibrozil (G) on body weight and serum insulin and leptin levels in diet-induced obese rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups according to diet and drug therapy. After four weeks, serum glucose, triglyceride, insulin and leptin levels were significantly decreased in the high-fat-fed and RSG-treated groups compared to the group fed a high-fat diet only (162 +/- 19 vs. 207 +/- 34 mg/dl, 58 +/- 20 vs. 112 +/- 23 mg/dl, 3.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 15.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml, 1.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, respectively). However, these parameters were not statistically different in RSG animals treated with a standard diet compared to the standard diet group. The high fat+RSG group gained much more weight compared to high-fat and high-fat+G groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, serum glucose, insulin and leptin levels were significantly decreased in the high-fat-fed and G-treated group compared to high-fat group (149 +/- 19 vs. 207 +/- 34 mg/dl, 57 +/- 16 vs. 112 +/- 23 mg/dl, 4.3 +/- 2.1 vs. 15.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml, 1.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, respectively). These results suggest that PPARalpha agonists may decrease serum glucose, insulin and leptin levels as PPARgamma agonists do in diet-induced obese rats.
Background:
Animals fed high-fat diets have been shown to develop hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and moderate obesity, which resemble the human metabolic syndrome. Obesity, the ...metabolic syndrome, and some thiazolidinediones, which act as insulin sensitizers, may increase oxidative stress, and/or influence the levels of cellular reducing equivalents and homeostasis.
Objective:
This study investigated the effects of a high-fat diet, rosiglitazone, or a high-fat diet plus rosiglitazone on metabolic syndrome parameters and crucial liver and kidney enzyme activities in rats.
Methods:
Male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 groups (n = 6 per group): (1) the fat (F) group was fed a rodent diet comprising 45 kcal% fat, (2) the rosiglitazone (R) group was fed a standard rat chow comprising 4.97 kcal% fat plus rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg.d), (3) the fat + rosiglitazone (FR) group was fed a rodent diet comprising 45 kcal% fat (as lard, product D12451) plus rosiglitazone (3 mg/kg.d), and (4) the control (C) group was fed a standard rat chow comprising 4.97 kcal% fat. Animals were housed for 4 weeks, at which time the liver and kidney were isolated for spectrophotometric determination of enzyme activities. Body weight was measured before treatment (baseline) and then weekly throughout the study. Adiposity was measured at the end of the 4 weeks.
Results:
The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were significantly reduced in the livers of groups F, R, and FR compared with group C (all P < 0.05). Kidney G6PD, 6-PGD, and GR were found to be significantly lower in group R compared with the other groups (all P < 0.05). Kidney GST was similar in all groups. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, and insulin concentrations were significantly higher than in group F versus the other groups (all P < 0.05). Adiposity was increased in groups F and FR compared with groups C and R (all P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol concentrations were similar in all groups.
Conclusions:
In this study, high-fat diet in rats decreased the enzyme activities responsible for pentose phosphate pathway and glutathione-dependent metabolism in liver but not in kidney. Similarly, these enzyme activities were inhibited with rosiglitazone treatment alone in both organs.
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GEOZS, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPUK
The aims of this study were (1) to investigate the effect of experimental obstructive jaundice on the healing of intestinal anastomosis, and (2) to investigate the effect of pentoxifylline on the ...healing of intestinal anastomosis in rats with obstructive jaundice. Obstructive jaundice was induced in rats by the ligation and division of the common bile duct. Four days after this operation, either pentoxifylline or isotonic saline solution was administered intraperitoneally to these jaundiced rats and controls, and then intestinal anastomosis was performed. The concentrations of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and serum triglyceride of jaundiced and nonjaundiced rats were measured, and the quality of healing was evaluated by measuring the bursting pressure and hydroxyproline content of the anastomoses on the fifth and tenth days of anastomotic healing. Obstructive jaundice resulted in an impaired wound healing of the intestinal anastomosis in the rats. The administration of pentoxifylline to the jaundiced rats resulted in better anastomotic wound healing. The beneficial effects of pentoxifylline on anastomotic healing in rats with obstructive jaundice was attributed to its inhibitor effect on the endotoxin-induced TNF-alpha release from macrophages and monocytes, and the stabilizing effect on the neutrophils.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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