ABSTRACT
The origin of the diverse light-curve shapes of Type II supernovae (SNe), and whether they come from similar or distinct progenitors, has been actively discussed for decades. Here, we report ...spectropolarimetry of two fast declining Type II (Type IIL) SNe: SN 2013ej and SN 2017ahn. SN 2013ej exhibited high continuum polarization from very soon after the explosion to the radioactive tail phase with time-variable polarization angles. The origin of this polarimetric behaviour can be interpreted as the combination of two different aspherical structures, namely an aspherical interaction of the SN ejecta with circumstellar matter (CSM) and an inherently aspherical explosion. Aspherical explosions are a common feature of slowly declining Type II (Type IIP) SNe. By contrast, SN 2017ahn showed low polarization not only in the photospheric phase but also in the radioactive tail phase. This low polarization in the tail phase, which has never before been observed in other Type IIP/L SNe, suggests that the explosion of SN 2017ahn was nearly spherical. These observations imply that Type IIL SNe have, at least, two different origins: they result from stars that have different explosion properties and/or different mass-loss processes. This fact might indicate that 13ej-like Type IIL SNe originate from a similar progenitor to those of Type IIP SNe accompanied by an aspherical CSM interaction, while 17ahn-like Type IIL SNe come from a more massive progenitor with less hydrogen in its envelope.
We present extensive datasets for a class of intermediate-luminosity optical transients known as luminous red novae. They show double-peaked light curves, with an initial rapid luminosity rise to a ...blue peak (at −13 to −15 mag), which is followed by a longer-duration red peak that sometimes is attenuated, resembling a plateau. The progenitors of three of them (NGC 4490−2011OT1, M 101−2015OT1, and SNhunt248), likely relatively massive blue to yellow stars, were also observed in a pre-eruptive stage when their luminosity was slowly increasing. Early spectra obtained during the first peak show a blue continuum with superposed prominent narrow Balmer lines, with P Cygni profiles. Lines of Fe II are also clearly observed, mostly in emission. During the second peak, the spectral continuum becomes much redder, Hα is barely detected, and a forest of narrow metal lines is observed in absorption. Very late-time spectra (∼6 months after blue peak) show an extremely red spectral continuum, peaking in the infrared (IR) domain. Hα is detected in pure emission at such late phases, along with broad absorption bands due to molecular overtones (such as TiO, VO). We discuss a few alternative scenarios for luminous red novae. Although major instabilities of single massive stars cannot be definitely ruled out, we favour a common envelope ejection in a close binary system, with possibly a final coalescence of the two stars. The similarity between luminous red novae and the outburst observed a few months before the explosion of the Type IIn SN 2011ht is also discussed.
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ABSTRACT
We present the photometric and spectroscopic studies of a Type Ib SN 2015ap and a Type Ic SN 2016P. SN 2015ap is one of the bright (MV = −18.04 mag) Type Ib while SN 2016P lies at an average ...value among the Type Ic SNe (MV = −17.53 mag). Bolometric light-curve modelling of SNe 2015ap and 2016P indicates that both the SNe are powered by 56Ni + magnetar model with 56Ni masses of 0.01 and 0.002 M⊙, ejecta masses of 3.75 and 4.66 M⊙, spin period P0 of 25.8 and 36.5 ms, and magnetic field Bp of 28.39 × 1014 and 35.3 × 1014 G, respectively. The early spectra of SN 2015ap show prominent lines of He with a ‘W’ feature due to Fe complexes while other lines of Mg ii, Na i, and Si ii are present in both SNe 2015ap and 2016P. Nebular phase O i profile indicates an asymmetric profile in SN 2015ap. The O i/Ca ii ratio and nebular spectral modelling of SN 2015ap hint towards a progenitor mass between 12 and 20 M⊙.
We report initial observations and analysis on the Type IIb SN 2016gkg in the nearby galaxy NGC 613. SN 2016gkg exhibited a clear double-peaked light curve during its early evolution, as evidenced by ...our intensive photometric follow-up campaign. SN 2016gkg shows strong similarities with other Type IIb SNe, in particular, with respect to the He i emission features observed in both the optical and near-infrared. SN 2016gkg evolved faster than the prototypical Type IIb SN 1993J, with a decline similar to that of SN 2011dh after the first peak. The analysis of archival Hubble Space Telescope images indicate a pre-explosion source at SN 2016gkg's position, suggesting a progenitor star with a ∼mid-F spectral type and initial mass M , depending on the distance modulus adopted for NGC 613. Modeling the temperature evolution within of explosion, we obtain a progenitor radius of R , smaller than that obtained from the analysis of the pre-explosion images ( R ).
Aims. We study iPTF14hls, a luminous and extraordinary long-lived Type II supernova, which lately has attracted much attention and disparate interpretation. Methods. We have presented new optical ...photometry that extends the light curves up to more than three years past discovery. We also obtained optical spectroscopy over this period, and furthermore present additional space-based observations using Swift and HST. Results. After an almost constant luminosity for hundreds of days, the later light curve of iPTF14hls finally fades and then displays a dramatic drop after about 1000 d, but the supernova is still visible at the latest epochs presented. The spectra have finally turned nebular, and our very last optical spectrum likely displays signatures from the deep and dense interior of the explosion. A high-resolution HST image highlights the complex environment of the explosion in this low-luminosity galaxy. Conclusions. We provide a large number of additional late-time observations of iPTF14hls, which are (and will continue to be) used to assess the many different interpretations for this intriguing object. In particular, the very late (+1000 d) steep decline of the optical light curve is difficult to reconcile with the proposed central engine models. The lack of very strong X-ray emission, and the emergence of intermediate-width emission lines including S II that we propose originate from dense, processed material in the core of the supernova ejecta, are also key observational tests for both existing and future models.
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The evolution of a Type IIn supernova (SN IIn) is governed by the interaction between the SN ejecta and a hydrogen-rich circumstellar medium. The SNe IIn thus allow us to probe the late-time ...mass-loss history of their progenitor stars. We present a sample of SNe IIn from the untargeted, magnitude-limited surveys of the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and its successor, the intermediate PTF (iPTF). To date, statistics on SN IIn optical light-curve properties have generally been based on small (≲10 SNe) samples from targeted SN surveys. The SNe IIn found and followed by the PTF/iPTF were used to select a sample of 42 events with useful constraints on the rise times as well as with available post-peak photometry. The sample SNe were discovered in 2009−2016 and have at least one low-resolution classification spectrum, as well as photometry from the P48 and P60 telescopes at Palomar Observatory. We study the light-curve properties of these SNe IIn using spline fits (for the peak and the declining portion) and template matching (for the rising portion). We study the peak-magnitude distribution, rise times, decline rates, colour evolution, host galaxies, and K-corrections of the SNe in our sample. We find that the typical rise times are divided into fast and slow risers at 20 ± 6 d and 50 ± 11 d, respectively. The decline rates are possibly divided into two clusters (with slopes 0.013 ± 0.006 mag d
−1
and 0.040 ± 0.010 mag d
−1
), but this division has weak statistical significance. We find no significant correlation between the peak luminosity of SNe IIn and their rise times, but the more luminous SNe IIn are generally found to be more long-lasting. Slowly rising SNe IIn are generally found to decline slowly. The SNe in our sample were hosted by galaxies of absolute magnitude −22 ≲
M
g
≲ −13 mag. The K-corrections at light-curve peak of the SNe IIn in our sample are found to be within 0.2 mag for the observer’s frame
r
-band, for SNe at redshifts
z
< 0.25. By applying K-corrections and also including ostensibly “superluminous” SNe IIn, we find that the peak magnitudes are
M
r
peak
= −19.18 ± 1.32 mag. We conclude that the occurrence of conspicuous light-curve bumps in SNe IIn, such as in iPTF13z, are limited to 1.4
+14.6
−1.0
% of the SNe IIn. We also investigate a possible sub-type of SNe IIn with a fast rise to a ≳50 d plateau followed by a slow, linear decline.
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We present spectroscopic and photometric data of the Type Ibn supernova (SN) 2014av, discovered by the Xingming Observatory Sky Survey. Stringent pre-discovery detection limits indicate that the ...object was detected for the first time about 4 d after the explosion. A prompt follow-up campaign arranged by amateur astronomers allowed us to monitor the rising phase (lasting 10.6 d) and to accurately estimate the epoch of the maximum light, on 2014 April 23 (JD = 245 6771.1 ± 1.2). The absolute magnitude of the SN at the maximum light is M
R
= −19.76 ± 0.16. The post-peak light curve shows an initial fast decline lasting about three weeks, and is followed by a slower decline in all bands until the end of the monitoring campaign. The spectra are initially characterized by a hot continuum. Later on, the temperature declines and a number of lines become prominent mostly in emission. In particular, later spectra are dominated by strong and narrow emission features of He i typical of Type Ibn supernovae (SNe), although there is a clear signature of lines from heavier elements (in particular O i, Mg ii and Ca ii). A forest of relatively narrow Fe ii lines is also detected showing P-Cygni profiles, with the absorption component blueshifted by about 1200 km s−1. Another spectral feature often observed in interacting SNe, a strong blue pseudo-continuum, is seen in our latest spectra of SN 2014av. We discuss in this paper the physical parameters of SN 2014av in the context of the Type Ibn SN variety.
Abstract
We present our analysis of the Type II supernova DLT16am (SN 2016ija). The object was discovered during the ongoing
(DLT40) one-day cadence supernova search at
in the “edge-on” nearby (
) ...galaxy NGC 1532. The subsequent prompt and high-cadenced spectroscopic and photometric follow-up revealed a highly extinguished transient, with
, consistent with a standard extinction law with
R
V
= 3.1 and a bright (
) absolute peak magnitude. A comparison of the photometric features with those of large samples of SNe II reveals a fast rise for the derived luminosity and a relatively short plateau phase, with a slope of
, consistent with the photometric properties typical of those of fast-declining SNe II. Despite the large uncertainties on the distance and the extinction in the direction of DLT16am, the measured photospheric expansion velocity and the derived absolute
V
-band magnitude at
after the explosion match the existing luminosity–velocity relation for SNe II.
We present high-cadence UV, optical, and near-infrared data on the luminous Type II-P supernova SN 2017gmr from hours after discovery through the first 180 days. SN 2017gmr does not show signs of ...narrow, high-ionization emission lines in the early optical spectra, yet the optical light-curve evolution suggests that an extra energy source from circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction must be present for at least 2 days after explosion. Modeling of the early light curve indicates a ∼500 R progenitor radius, consistent with a rather compact red supergiant, and late-time luminosities indicate that up to 0.130 0.026 M of 56Ni are present, if the light curve is solely powered by radioactive decay, although the 56Ni mass may be lower if CSM interaction contributes to the post-plateau luminosity. Prominent multipeaked emission lines of H and O i emerge after day 154, as a result of either an asymmetric explosion or asymmetries in the CSM. The lack of narrow lines within the first 2 days of explosion in the likely presence of CSM interaction may be an example of close, dense, asymmetric CSM that is quickly enveloped by the spherical supernova ejecta.
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