There are many theories that explain how adults learn and each has its own merits. This Guide explains and explores the more commonly used ones and how they can be used to enhance student and faculty ...learning. The Guide presents a model that combines many of the theories into a flow diagram which can be followed by anyone planning learning. The schema can be used at curriculum planning level, or at the level of individual learning. At each stage of the model, the Guide identifies the responsibilities of both learner and educator. The role of the institution is to ensure that the time and resources are available to allow effective learning to happen. The Guide is designed for those new to education, in the hope that it can unravel the difficulties in understanding and applying the common learning theories, whilst also creating opportunities for debate as to the best way they should be used.
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Autophagy is an important physiological process in the heart, and alterations in autophagic activity can exacerbate or mitigate injury during various pathological processes. Methods to assess ...autophagy have changed rapidly because the field of research has expanded. As with any new field, methods and standards for data analysis and interpretation evolve as investigators acquire experience and insight. The purpose of this review is to summarize current methods to measure autophagy, selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and autophagic flux. We will examine several published studies where confusion arose in data interpretation, to illustrate the challenges. Finally, we will discuss methods to assess autophagy in vivo and in patients.
Depot antipsychotics are widely used in clinical practice. Long-acting formulations of second-generation antipsychotics are now being developed and introduced.
To review the pharmacology, ...pharmacokinetics and adverse effect profiles of currently available antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs).
The psychopharmacological properties of first- and second-generation antipsychotic LAIs are reviewed using data available up to October 2008.
First-generation antipsychotic (FGA) LAIs are associated with a high rate of acute and chronic movement disorders. Risperidone LAI is better tolerated in this respect, but is associated with hyperprolactinaemia and weight gain. Olanzapine LAI causes weight gain and other metabolic effects but appears not to be associated with an important incidence of movement disorders.
Dosing of LAIs is complicated by delayed release of drug, changes in plasma levels without change in dose, and by the lack of data establishing clear dose requirements. All LAIs offer the prospect of assured adherence (although patients may still default on treatment) but their use is complicated by adverse effects, complex pharmacokinetics and confusion over dose-response relationships.
Many biological materials fail by cracking. Examples are bone fractures, contact damage in eggs, splits in bamboo culm and defects in cartilage. The mechanical property that best describes failure by ...cracking is fracture toughness, which quantifies the ease with which cracks propagate and defines a material's tolerance for pre-existing cracks and other stress concentrating features. The measurement of fracture toughness presents some challenges, especially for biological materials. To obtain valid results requires care and, in many cases, considerable ingenuity to design an appropriate specimen and test protocol. Common mistakes include incorrect interpretation of the mechanics of loading in unusual specimen designs, and failures occurring at the material's ultimate tensile strength as a result of specimens or cracks being too small. Interpretation of the resulting toughness data may also present challenges, for example when R-curve behaviour is present. In this article, examples of good and bad practice are described, and some recommendations made.
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This study investigates the effects of narcissism, envy and self-promotion on travellers' sharing of travel-related photographs of themselves ("selfies") through social media, based upon social ...comparison theory. The role of social media in increasing individuals' levels of narcissism and envy is also examined. Data was collected via an online survey of 674 respondents. The results of the study suggest that narcissism and envy increase the likelihood of travellers posting selfies both directly, and through self-promotion as a mediator. Furthermore, the study finds that as social media usage increases, so do levels of narcissism and envy.
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Critical distance methods are extremely useful for predicting fracture and fatigue in engineering components and represent an important development in the theory of fracture mechanics. Despite being ...in use for over fifty years in some fields, there has never been a book about these methods until now. The increasing use of computer-aided stress analysis has made these methods extremely easy to use in practical situations. This is turn has prompted researchers to re-examine the underlying theory with renewed interest. The book begins with a general introduction to the phenomena of mechanical failure in materials. After a simple explanation of how to use critical distance methods, and a more detailed exposition of the methods including their history and classification, the book continues by showing examples of how critical distance approaches can be applied to predict fracture and fatigue in different classes of materials. Subsequent chapters include some more complex theoretical areas, such as multiaxial loading and contact problems, and a range of practical examples using case studies of real engineering components. This book will be of interest to academic researchers, industrial engineers and research students.
PurposeBranded applications (apps) are increasingly important in marketers' omnichannel strategies. They have not only changed the way customers purchase but also changed the way how companies ...interact with customers. Building on value co-creation literature, this research investigates consumer brand engagement's role in enhancing perceived quality and brand loyalty via value co-creation.Design/methodology/approachUsing online survey data from 355 brand app users, a conceptual model is tested employing the partial least squares structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results suggest that not only does branded app personalization drives brand co-creation (fully mediated by consumer brand engagement) but that this process also increases perceived quality and brand loyalty among users of branded apps.Research limitations/implicationsData for the study are self-reported and thus may not accurately reflect actual attitudes and behaviors. In addition, respondents were students within the United States who, although representative of branded app users, may limit the generalizability of the study.Practical implicationsKnowing that branded apps can influence customers' perception of the quality and value of their apps, products and services, or even their associated brands, marketers and app designers should work together to provide a value co-creation platform through the apps to increase customers' personalized, engaging experience.Originality/valueAlthough various relationships between personalization, engagement and co-creation have been studied, along with their impact on loyalty and perceived value, the interaction between these factors is not widely understood. The study examines these interactions in the context of branded apps, through the service-dominant logic perspective.
Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have received much attention in the literature since they were first proposed in 2005. Useful guidelines, workshops, courses, and conferences have supported ...faculty in developing programs and designing assessment procedures using EPAs and entrustment decision-making. Yet, the need for clarification remains, particularly as more programs make the step from design to implementation.
Well-written EPAs provide a natural construct to establish the outcome of training. To be useful, EPAs require more than a suitable title. This AMEE Guide elaborates eight sections of a full EPA description, and provides explanations and justifications for each. These sections are: title; specification and limitations; risks in case of failure; most relevant competency domains; knowledge, skills, attitudes and experiences; information sources to assess progress and support summative entrustment; entrustment/supervision level expected at which stage of training; and time period to expiration if not practiced.
Constructing fully elaborated EPAs creates a shared mental model amongst learners and programs, informs competency-based curriculum design, directs ad-hoc and formal entrustment decision-making, and provides standards for certifying bodies and boundaries for scope of practice. The framework intends to support curricular leaders looking to adopt new EPAs, or revise and define established EPAs for competency-based education.
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The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented event in modern history, transforming the nature of higher education. As course delivery moved online, marketing educators were faced with higher workloads ...and more demands on their time. Anecdotal evidence suggested that faculty were working more, and as the 2020–2021 school year progressed, reports of fatigue and burnout were prevalent. An empirical study measures the perceived increases in workload among marketing faculty and the outcomes of that work, as well as levels of burnout. In addition, a model of burnout antecedents is proposed and tested. On average, marketing educators experienced moderate levels of burnout, which was increased by work demands in research and teaching, as well as student interaction, whereas research productivity decreased burnout. Burnout was not influenced by gender, rank, tenure status, or institution type.
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