Protoceratops andrewsi
Granger and Gregory, 1923, is one of the most famous Upper Cretaceous horned dinosaurs of Central Asia. It was described from a separate skull found at Bayan Zag locality ...(Djadokhta formation, Mongolia). The holotype axial skeleton of this species is unknown, and its description appeared to be rather aggregated, capturing structural features of most ceratopsians from this locality. Polymorphism determined in this species is normally explained by gender, age and individual dimorphism. However, there is an opinion that
P. andrewsi
is a combined taxon that includes representatives of several species, but it is as yet difficult to determine the number of these species using the skull material. The study of the complete skeleton of
P. andrewsi
ZPAL Mg D-II/3 from the collection of Kozłowski Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences (Warsaw, Poland), found at Bayan Zag, provided a solution to this problem. A detailed description of ZPAL Mg D-II/3 vertebrae and the study of its axial skeleton, taking into account its age and gender, revealed that this sample, most likely, was a large immature female. Comparative analysis of the vertebrae of this specimen with identical (of the same index number) vertebrae of specimens without associated skulls (PIN 3143/9 and PIN 3143/16) from the age-matched Tögrögiin Shiree locality (Mongolia), which are housed at Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia), convinced us that they belong to the same morphotype. This makes it possible to diagnose
P. andrewsi
from vertebrae considering the age and gender of compared specimens.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The interaction of the T-cell receptor (TCR) with a peptide in the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) plays a central role in the adaptive immunity of higher chordates. Due to the high ...specificity and sensitivity of this process, the immune system quickly recognizes and efficiently responds to the appearance of foreign and altered self-antigens. This is important for ensuring anti-infectious and antitumor immunity, in addition to maintaining self-tolerance. The most common parameter used for assessing the specificity of TCR-pMHC interaction is affinity. This thermodynamic characteristic is widely used not only in various theoretical aspects, but also in practice, for example, in the engineering of various T-cell products with a chimeric (CAR-T) or artificial (TCR-engineered T-cell) antigen receptor. However, increasing data reveal the fact that, in addition to the thermodynamic component, the specificity of antigen recognition is based on the kinetics and mechanics of the process, having even greater influence on the selectivity of the process and T lymphocyte activation than affinity. Therefore, the kinetic and mechanical aspects of antigen recognition should be taken into account when designing artificial antigen receptors, especially those that recognize antigens in the MHC complex. This review describes the current understanding of the nature of the TCR-pMHC interaction, in addition to the thermodynamic, kinetic, and mechanical principles underlying the specificity and high sensitivity of this interaction.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sex-related variability in the tetrapod skeleton has regular patterns that reflect the different ontogenetic pathways leading to the formation of adult sexual features. In dinosaurs (as well as ...amniotes in general), these features are most pronounced in the morphology of postcranial bones. In males, sex-related traits reflect improved adaptations of the locomotor apparatus, while in females they are associated with the adaptation to hatching and laying eggs. Therefore, beyond the specifics of sex differences in different taxa of dinosaurs, there are also common patterns: in all adult males, neural spines are higher and limb bones are more robust than in females, while the volume of the abdominal cavity and the width of the pelvis are greater in females. The case study of ceratopsians (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) shows that knowledge of basic sex-related characters (those most constant in tetrapods) facilitates the search for accessory characters (more taxon-specific) that are correlated with basic ones, which provide a way to establish the limits of sexual variability typical for a given taxon.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
T2K is a long-baseline neutrino experiment that aims to investigate the CP violation in the neutrino sector. An upgrade of the ND280, which is one of the T2K near detectors, is in progress. The ...active target detector of the upgraded ND280 is a segmented highly granular plastic scintillation detector (SuperFGD) consisting of about two million scintillator cubes. About sixty thousand silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) coupled with wavelength shifting fibers are used for light readout. The fibers go through the scintillator cubes along the orthogonal three directions. We developed a novel system based on LEDs and notched light guide plates for in-situ calibration of the SuperFGD. The developed system can distribute LED light to SiPMs simultaneously with high uniformity and can be used for gain calibration and stability monitor of the signal readout. In addition, it can fit in the confined space of the SuperFGD due to its thin structure. In this paper, we report the design and the performance of the calibration system.
The authors review a coreset discovery problem and three main methods to solve it: geometric coreset estimation, coreset discovery using the genetic algorithm, and coreset discovery using neural ...networks. They analyze each of these methods and find the cases where they show the best results. The paper focuses on neural network-based approaches and their ability to solve the coreset discovery problem. The authors perform a comparative analysis of several neural network-based approaches, describe their pros and cons, and determine the further steps in solving the coreset discovery problem.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Introduction: growing up of a child is a process of constantly changing the structure of his subjective and objective characteristics, including the formation in ontogenesis of the image of ...adulthood, its development and implementation, as well as the reflection of the development of adulthood by children in the psychological and pedagogical space by participants of the educational process (parents, educators). In the framework of one of the particular hypotheses, we define the psychological and pedagogical space for the development of a rural schoolchild by the dynamics of maturation of the components of self-awareness: self-understanding, self-actualization and selfattitude. The data of an empirical study of the dynamic aspects of the maturing of schoolchildren in the space of the village, who are going through the inter-age transition, are presented. The goal is determined by the need to study the specific characteristics of growing up of rural adolescents living in the Velizhsky and Smolensk districts of the Smolensk region, who are studying in rural schools for a total of 120 people, 68 of which are boys and 52 are girls. Materials and methods: to study the structural and content characteristics of the dynamics of growing up, determined by the development of the components of self-awareness: selfunderstanding, self-actualization and self-relation, we used the following psychological tools: 1) the method of assessing the level of self-actualization of the person (SAMOAL) Kalina (1987); 2) the method of the study of self-attitude (IIA) Pantileev and V.V. Stolin (1989); 3) the method of free self-description of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland (1992). Results: the results of the study showed that adolescents in the studied sample are characterized by high self-understanding scales (χ = 7.82), which is evidence that adolescents are sensitive, sensitive to their own needs and desires, are free from psychological defenses that separate their personality from its own essence, and also not inclined to the substitution of their own tastes and evaluations by external social standards adopted in society. The data of the correlation analysis in the studied sample of adolescents self-understanding positively correlates with p <0.01 with autonomy (r = 0.47), spontaneity (r = 0.31), autosympathy (r = 0.49) and contact (r = 0, 18). High values were determined on the scales of reflected self-relation (χ = 6.05), self-value (χ = 6.89) and selfattachment (χ = 5.92). These data reflect adolescents’ perceptions that their personality, character, and activities are capable of giving others respect, sympathy, approval, and understanding; and also point to some rigidity of their «self-concept», conservative self-sufficiency, denial of the possibility and desirability of developing their self hood against the background of the characteristics of growing up. Discussion and conclusions: the content of adolescents’ self-understanding presents the realities and aspects of their own inner life that are relevant for the development of their personality. High school students seek to understand not only their personal qualities and character traits, interests and abilities, attitudes towards themselves and with other people, but also their feelings and motives, values and beliefs, life plans and goals. The process of growing up of adolescents involves the development of the main components of their self-awareness, and in this process adults can be of great help to the teenager. The data obtained are taken into account in the psychological and pedagogical support of adolescents in the socio-cultural space of the village; a program of socio-psychological training sessions has been developed, aimed at developing their self-understanding, self-actualization and self-relationship, which will ensure the development of their adult self-consciousness. There is a tendency to further research on the influence of sociocultural factors on the implementation of a particular strategy of growing up and the attitude of growing children to it at a distance of adolescence.
Genetic divergence and evolutionary shift of transitions and transversions ratio were analyzed based on examples of 60 sequences of the mtDNA control region of 27 species of mice (Murinae) of the ...Palearctic region. Representatives of Cricetidae and Arvicolidae were taken as outgroups. The constructed phenogram corresponds to the accepted phylogenetic scheme and is clustered according to population, semispecies, allospecies, species, genus and family levels of divergence. In the phyletic order there is a clearly defined evolutionary transition/transversion rate bias. Its distinction is an extremely fast and abrupt transition from dynamic to stable phase. The dynamic phase is a rapid decrease in the ti/tv rate ratio and refers to the population and semispecies divergence levels. The stable phase refers to the species level and higher divergence levels and is associated with reaching a state of genetic saturation in a situation of predominance of transversions. The extreme denotion of the evolutionary shift in the D-loop case can be explained by the removal of the selection pressure caused by restrictions in amino acid substitutions. This means that the causes of transition/transversion bias are purely biochemical mechanisms on DNA level. Simultaneously, the stability of the ti/tv ratio at species and higher levels amidst the further accumulation of the total number of nucleotide substitutions may indicate a fundamentally different nature of genetic processes at the intraspecies and interspecies levels of divergence.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The authors propose the technological algorithm to obtain the required quality characteristics of beneficiation feed based on the estimate of useful mineral distribution and amount of gangue in a ...preset volume. The target useful component content is implemented by combining separation and blending of crushed ore less than 100 mm in size. It is shown that this approach to the feed quality ensures the standard content of P
2
O
5
in the feed at the level of 12.1–12.3% with dumping not less than 29% of gangue -100+20 mm in size with the content of P
2
O
5
under 1.9%. It is proved that the proposed technology for the control of quality characteristics of low-grade apatite-bearing ore has a beneficial effect on the environment in mining and processing areas.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A study of taxonomic differentiation and transition bias of the cytb gene, focusing on the early stages of speciation, was carried out in 15 subfamilies/families of five orders of Palearctic mammals. ...It was confirmed that the genetic differentiation among taxa of small and large mammals is shifted by the same taxonomic level, in which connection the period of cryptic speciation of Micromammalia (semi- and allospecific levels) corresponds to the divergence of type species in their genus within Macromammalia. In all cases, both transition bias and its evolutionary compensation took place. The novelty of the study also lies in the proof that the alignment of the transitions and transversion rates in evolutionary lineages has the pattern of a phase transition, and the frequency of transversions in short-cycle species of the orders Insectivora and Rodentia is higher than in long-cycle orders Artiodactyla, Carnivora and Chiroptera while with relative equality of transitions. The latter circumstance might be associated with the traits of metabolism and determines the characteristics of the molecular evolution of mammalian groups with short and long life cycles.
A comparative analysis of the rates of molecular evolution, transition bias, and its evolutionary compensation was carried out on mitochondrial (D-loop, Cytb, COI, 12S RNA) and nuclear (IRBP, Fv) DNA ...markers in the Murinae subfamily. According to the levels of variability, the markers can be divided into three classes: (1) hypervariable (D-loop), (2) rapidly evolving (Cytb, COI), and (3) conservative (12S RNA, IRBP, Fv). The nature of nucleotide substitutions appears by the levels of variability. With the D-loop, there is a maximum initial bias, which is already partially compensated for during the early stages of speciation, and completely compensated at the stages of species divergence. The pronounced bias within the Cytb and COI genes is only partially compensated, moreover at the genus levels. The 12S RNA, IRBP, and Fv genes with a low level of transition bias do not show evolutionary compensation as such, and the decrease of the ts/tv index in the evolutionary lineage has a technical character and is a consequence of a relative decrease of the difference in the frequencies of transitions and transversions against the background of an absolute increase in the frequencies of substitutions. The positive relationship between the intensity of nucleotide substitutions, the level of transition bias, and the rates of its evolutionary compensation proves that these phenomena have the same primary basis.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
