The centerpiece of this analysis is about the variations in presidential leadership of the seven French presidents under the Fifth Republic. The analysis of the political conditions of the method of ...government aims to locate the type and the nature of the presidential leadership of each of the seven French presidents. The acquisition of presidential leadership effectively starts with the way leaders win office. They are elected by direct universal suffrage, and they have therefore a strong legitimacy. To the extent that presidential leadership is conceived as a special activity in terms of a president’s ability to identify goals, to mobilize support and to bring about substantive change, these skills enable a president to perform these different tasks and to fulfill a successful leadership role. Developing and maintaining close relationships with other political actors provide the principal resources of a president. In France, the appointment of the prime minister, ministers and advisors is important, as well as relations with the high civil service. But, above all, the relations between the president and public opinion are of major importance in terms of authority and power. Finally, the reputation of a president depends on the ability to solve the problems facing the country. It is measured by opinion polls that provide the level of satisfaction felt by public opinion with regard to the policy of the president. Applying the concept of leadership through the three factors of skills, relations and reputations helps to understand the performance of French presidents. Only General de Gaulle was able to demonstrate a high level of leadership. He had a very strong presidential style, with great qualities of communication. Some even talked about his charisma. The leadership of General de Gaulle’s successors suffered from the comparison. It seems that the most recent presidents are victims of the weakness, even perhaps the collapse, of their leadership.
French political science has faced many obstacles. The most significant were the influence of neighboring disciplines such as law, sociology and history; the centralization of recruitment at the ...national level; the small number of research centers, particularly in the regions; the small number of teachers and researchers; the expatriation of young researchers to the United States and Canada; the loss of influence in certain areas, including the study of elections, the analysis of political parties and the study of public institutions; the absence of research in some sectors, including international political economy; the nature of political science journals; the small number of ‘think tanks’; the lack of international openness; the weak presence of French researchers in international congresses and the language barrier; and the absence of a true translation policy of fundamental works of Anglo-Saxon or Hispanic political science by publishing houses or university presses. Fortunately, French political science also has strengths. They include the attractiveness of the institutes of political studies; the influence of cultural areas specialists, including the Arab world and Africa; the role of major research centers oriented abroad; the research centers of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; the discipline’s influence in certain sectors, including public policy, European studies and international relations; the practice of foreign languages by young researchers; and the analysis of strategic and security issues.
INTRODUCTIONArticular involvement is the most common extraintestinal manifestation associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Manifestations are ‘paradoxical’ when they occur during ...treatment, notably with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs, which are expected to prevent or treat them. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency, characteristics, and associated factors of paradoxical articular manifestations in patients with IBD treated with anti-TNF.
PATIENTS AND METHODSIn this prospective single-center study, an examination by a rheumatologist was systematically offered to all patients with IBD treated with infliximab (IFX) to assess the prevalence of articular manifestations and distinguish between those related to treatment and those associated with intestinal disease. Paradoxical manifestations were defined as the occurrence of articular manifestations (excluding induced lupus and hypersensitivity reactions) during anti-TNF therapy in patients with intestinal remission. Measures of biological inflammatory, immunological markers, HLA-B27 allele, IFX trough levels, and anti-IFX antibody (Ab) were performed for all patients.
RESULTSBetween May 2013 and April 2014, 65 patients with Crohn’s disease and 15 with patients ulcerative colitis treated with IFX were included. The median duration of anti-TNF therapy was 66 months quartile (Q)1=23 months–Q3=81 months. Articular manifestations were observed in 50 (62%) patients treated with IFX. Eleven percent (n=9) were considered to be associated with IBD and 16% (n=13) to be associated with anti-TNF therapy. Among articular manifestations associated with anti-TNF therapy, nine (11%) patients were considered paradoxical, two (2%) as drug-induced lupus, and two (2%) as a hypersensitivity reaction. Among the nine patients with paradoxical manifestations, all had Crohn’s disease in clinical remission, three patients presented a spondyloarthropathy, and three developed associated paradoxical psoriasis. No patient discontinued anti-TNF because of the articular manifestations. Methotrexate was effective on articular symptoms in two of the three treated patients with paradoxical manifestations. No clinical or biological factors, including IFX trough levels, were associated with the occurrence of paradoxical manifestations.
CONCLUSIONParadoxical articular manifestations in IBD patients treated by anti-TNF are common, affecting more than 10% of patients. These events are generally mild and do not need discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy.
RésuméLe thème essentiel du travail et de la réflexion de Seymour Martin Lipset a porté sur les conditions de la démocratie. Sa contribution à l’étude des conditions politiques et économiques de ...celle-ci a été fondamentale. Certes, il avait une définition très étroite de la démocratie. Mais ses réflexions sur l’importance du développement économique, du changement culturel et de la légitimité comme facteurs essentiels du succès et de la longévité de la démocratie ont exercé une influence durable sur la politique comparée, en particulier sur les discussions à propos des processus de transition vers la démocratie.
RésuméTous les pays émergents ont connu le passage entre un modèle de développement économique conduit par l’Etat et tourné vers l’intérieur et un autre modèle, mettant davantage l’accent sur le ...marché et l’ ouverture au commerce extérieur et à l’investissement étranger. Toutefois le rôle de l’Etat n’a pas disparu. L’Etat est resté l’acteur essentiel dans l’émergence économique de ces pays. Leur réussite ne peut s’expliquer que par le rôle particulier joué traditionnellement par l’Etat dans ce type de pays, surtout en Asie et, à un degré moindre, en Amérique Latine
