Lattice Boltzmann models have a remarkable ability to simulate single- and multi-phase fluids and transport processes within them. A rich variety of behaviors, including higher Reynolds numbers ...flows, phase separation, evaporation, condensation, cavitation, buoyancy, and interactions with surfaces can readily be simulated. This book provides a basic introduction that emphasizes intuition and simplistic conceptualization of processes. It avoids the more difficult mathematics that underlies LB models. The model is viewed from a particle perspective where collisions, streaming, and particle-particle/particle-surface interactions constitute the entire conceptual framework. Beginners and those with more interest in model application than detailed mathematical foundations will find this a powerful 'quick start' guide. Example simulations, exercises, and computer codes are included. Working code is provided on the Internet.
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2.
Economic freedom and happiness Gropper, Daniel M; Lawson, Robert A; Thorne, Jr., Jere T
The Cato journal,
04/2011, Volume:
31, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
That liberty is necessary for greater happiness and a better life is a notion deeply rooted in the American sensibility. This article explores the concept of a link between greater freedom and ...greater happiness across countries by examining the empirical relationship between liberty, as measured by economic freedom, and happiness across more than 100 countries. There is a large amount of literature now available on human happiness and its measurement, as well as on the concept and measurement of economic freedom. Early research has indicated that economic freedom was positively associated with happiness. Adapted from the source document.
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We propose a method for approximating the adhesion parameters in the Shan and Chen multicomponent, multiphase lattice Boltzmann model that leads to the desired fluid-solid contact angle. The method ...is a straightforward application of Young's equation with substitution of the Shan and Chen cohesion parameter and a density factor for the fluid-fluid interfacial tension, and the adhesion parameters for the corresponding fluid-solid interfacial tensions.
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The negative effects of sleep deprivation on alertness and cognitive performance suggest decreases in brain activity and function, primarily in the thalamus, a subcortical structure involved in ...alertness and attention, and in the prefrontal cortex, a region subserving alertness, attention, and higher‐order cognitive processes. To test this hypothesis, 17 normal subjects were scanned for quantifiable brain activity changes during 85 h of sleep deprivation using positron emission tomography (PET) and 18Fluorine‐2‐deoxyglucose (18FDG), a marker for regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglu) and neuronal synaptic activity. Subjects were scanned prior to and at 24‐h intervals during the sleep deprivation period, for a total of four scans per subject. During each 30 min 18FDG uptake, subjects performed a sleep deprivation‐sensitive Serial Addition/Subtraction task. Polysomnographic monitoring confirmed that subjects were awake. Twenty‐four hours of sleep deprivation, reported here, resulted in a significant decrease in global CMRglu, and significant decreases in absolute regional CMRglu in several cortical and subcortical structures. No areas of the brain evidenced a significant increase in absolute regional CMRglu. Significant decreases in relative regional CMRglu, reflecting regional brain reductions greater than the global decrease, occurred predominantly in the thalamus and prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Alertness and cognitive performance declined in association with these brain deactivations. This study provides evidence that short‐term sleep deprivation produces global decreases in brain activity, with larger reductions in activity in the distributed cortico‐thalamic network mediating attention and higher‐order cognitive processes, and is complementary to studies demonstrating deactivation of these cortical regions during NREM and REM sleep.
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The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) is sponsoring a series of workshops to identify, discuss and develop recommendations for optimal scientific and technical approaches for conducting in vitro ...assays, to assess potential toxicity within and across tobacco and various next generation nicotine and tobacco products (NGPs), including heated tobacco products (HTPs) and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). The third workshop (24–26 February 2020) summarised the key challenges and made recommendations concerning appropriate methods of test article generation and cell exposure from combustible cigarettes, HTPs and ENDS. Expert speakers provided their research, perspectives and recommendations for the three basic types of tobacco-related test articles: i) pad-collected material (PCM); ii) gas vapour phase (GVP); and iii) whole smoke/aerosol. These three types of samples can be tested individually, or the PCM and GVP can be combined. Whole smoke/aerosol can be bubbled through media or applied directly to cells at the air–liquid interface. Summaries of the speaker presentations and the recommendations developed by the workgroup are presented. Following discussion, the workshop concluded the following: that there needs to be greater standardisation in aerosol generation and collection processes; that methods for testing the NGPs need to be developed and/or optimised, since simply mirroring cigarette smoke testing approaches may be insufficient; that understanding and quantitating the applied dose is fundamental to the interpretation of data and conclusions from each study; and that whole smoke/aerosol approaches must be contextualised with regard to key information, including appropriate experimental controls, environmental conditioning, analytical monitoring, verification and performance criteria.
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The quintessential book on the rapidly expanding field of male aesthetic surgery from renowned experts! During the past decade, there has been an exponential increase in the number of men undergoing ...aesthetic surgery in the U.S., with an estimated 1.3 million procedures performed annually. Male Aesthetic Plastic Surgery by Douglas Steinbrech reflects expertise and insights from one of the most-sought-after pioneers in male surgery, along with a Who's Who of contributing authors. While many texts have been written on female aesthetic surgery, this generously illustrated resource fills a void in the literature. Divided into four sections and 45 chapters, the book reflects the background history and male-centric perspective that sets male aesthetic surgery apart from its female counterpart. Essential steps are detailed for each procedure including the physical exam, anatomical variations, patient selection, preoperative preparations, postoperative care, and invaluable pearls and pitfalls to maximize results and avoid complications. Of special interest, each chapter features bullet steps for quick and easy reference before entering the OR. From innovative, never-before published techniques, such as a sub-fascial abdominal silicone six-pack to the rapidly changing world of male body contouring, the textbook covers a broad range of cutting-edge and emerging techniques. * High quality illustrations, bulleted text, and superb videos enhance the ability to understand and perform each procedure * A full spectrum of facial approaches including male blepharoplasty, facelift in men, chin augmentation, facial fat grafting, cheek shaping, male rhinoplasty, and hair restoration * State-of-the-art body techniques including diverse methods to correct gynecomastia, high abdominal definition, gluteal sculpting, abdominal contouring, chest sculpting, and muscular augmentation with implants * The latest injectable, laser, and men's skincare procedures, including the use of neurotoxins, Kybella, and energy-based techniques * A comprehensive glossary of surgical terms provides a quick reference for daily practice This is a must-have resource for all plastic surgeons, dermatologic surgeons, and aesthetic doctors who treat male patients.
This thoroughly revised, entirely rewritten edition of what is the essential reference on California's diverse and ever-changing vegetation now brings readers the most authoritative, state-of-the-art ...view of California's plant ecosystems available. Integrating decades of research, leading community ecologists and field botanists describe and classify California's vegetation types, identify environmental factors that determine the distribution of vegetation types, analyze the role of disturbance regimes in vegetation dynamics, chronicle change due to human activities, identify conservation issues, describe restoration strategies, and prioritize directions for new research. Several new chapters address statewide issues such as the historic appearance and impact of introduced and invasive plants, the soils of California, and more.
This dissertation presents a multilevel algorithm to solve constant and variable coeffcient elliptic boundary value problems on adaptively refined structured meshes in 2D and 3D. Cacheaware ...algorithms for optimizing the operations to exploit the cache memory subsystem areshown. Keywords: Multigrid, Cache Aware, Adaptive Mesh Refinement, Partial Differential Equations, Numerical Solution.
