Objective We sought to evaluate inadequate gestational weight gain and fetal growth among overweight and obese women. Study Design We conducted an analysis of prospective singleton term pregnancies ...in which 1053 overweight and obese women gained >5 kg (14.4 ± 6.2 kg) or 188 who either lost or gained ≤5 kg (1.1 ± 4.4 kg). Birthweight, fat mass, and lean mass were assessed using anthropometry. Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined as ≤10th percentile of a standard US population. Univariable and multivariable analysis evaluated the association between weight change and neonatal morphometry. Results There was no significant difference in age, race, smoking, parity, or gestational age between groups. Weight loss or gain ≤5 kg was associated with SGA, 18/188 (9.6%) vs 51/1053 (4.9%); (adjusted odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–4.7; P = .003). Neonates of women who lost or gained ≤5 kg had lower birthweight (3258 ± 443 vs 3467 ± 492 g, P < .0001), fat mass (403 ± 175 vs 471 ± 193 g, P < .0001), and lean mass (2855 ± 321 vs 2995 ± 347 g, P < .0001), and smaller length, percent fat mass, and head circumference. Adjusting for diabetic status, prepregnancy body mass index, smoking, parity, study site, gestational age, and sex, neonates of women who gained ≤5 kg had significantly lower birthweight, lean body mass, fat mass, percent fat mass, head circumference, and length. There were no significant differences in neonatal outcomes between those who lost weight and those who gained ≤5 kg. Conclusion In overweight and obese women weight loss or gain ≤5 kg is associated with increased risk of SGA and decreased neonatal fat mass, lean mass, and head circumference.
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Objective We sought to evaluate whether 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHP) reduces preterm birth (PTB) in nulliparous women with a midtrimester cervical length (CL) <30 mm. Study Design ...In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, nulliparous women with a singleton gestation between 16 and 22 3/7 weeks with an endovaginal CL <30 mm (<10th percentile in this population) were randomized to weekly intramuscular 17-OHP (250 mg) or placebo through 36 weeks. The primary outcome was PTB <37 weeks. Results The frequency of PTB did not differ between the 17-OHP (n = 327) and placebo (n = 330) groups (25.1% vs 24.2%; relative risk, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.79–1.35). There also was no difference in the composite adverse neonatal outcome (7.0% vs 9.1%; relative risk, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.46–1.30). Conclusion Weekly 17-OHP does not reduce the frequency of PTB in nulliparous women with a midtrimester CL <30 mm.
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Maternal insulin resistance and preeclampsia Hauth, John C., MD; Clifton, Rebecca G., PhD; Roberts, James M., MD ...
American journal of obstetrics and gynecology,
04/2011, Volume:
204, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether mid-trimester insulin resistance is associated with subsequent preeclampsia. Study Design This was a secondary analysis of 10,154 ...nulliparous women who received vitamin C and E or placebo daily from 9-16 weeks gestation until delivery. Of these, 1187 women had fasting plasma glucose and insulin tested between 22 and 26 weeks gestation. Insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Results Obese women were twice as likely to have a HOMA-IR result of ≥75th percentile. Hispanic and African American women had a higher percentage at ≥75th percentile for HOMA-IR than white women (42.2%, 27.2%, and 16.9%, respectively; P < .001). A HOMA-IR result of ≥75th percentile was higher among the 85 nulliparous women who subsequently had preeclampsia, compared with women who remained normotensive (40.5% vs 24.8%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–3.2). Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index results were similar to the HOMA-IR results. Conclusion Midtrimester maternal insulin resistance is associated with subsequent preeclampsia.
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Objective The purpose of this study was to assess maternal and perinatal outcomes as a function of second-stage labor duration. Study Design We assessed outcomes in nulliparous laboring women who ...were enrolled in a trial of fetal pulse oximetry. Results Of 5341 participants, 4126 women reached the second stage of labor. As the duration of the second stage increased, spontaneous vaginal delivery rates declined, from 85% when the duration was <1 hour to 9% when it was ≥5 hours. Adverse maternal outcomes that were associated significantly with the duration of the second stage of labor included chorioamnionitis (overall rate, 3.9%), third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration (overall rate, 8.7%), and uterine atony (overall rate, 3.9%). Odds ratios for each additional hour of the second stage of labor ranged from 1.3–1.8. Among individual adverse neonatal outcomes, only admission to a neonatal intensive care unit was associated significantly with second stage duration (odds ratio, 1.4). Conclusion The second stage of labor does not need to be terminated for duration alone.
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Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether hospital differences in the frequency of adverse obstetric outcomes are related to differences in care. Study Design The Assessment of ...Perinatal EXcellence cohort comprises 115,502 women and their neonates who were born in 25 hospitals in the United States between March 2008 and February 2011. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to quantify the amount of variation in postpartum hemorrhage, peripartum infection, severe perineal laceration, and a composite adverse neonatal outcome among hospitals that is explained by differences in patient characteristics, hospital characteristics, and obstetric care provided. Results The study included 115,502 women. For most outcomes, 20-40% of hospital differences in outcomes were related to differences in patient populations. After adjusting for patient-, provider-, and hospital-level factors, multiple care processes were associated with the predefined adverse outcomes; however, these care processes did not explain significant variation in the frequency of adverse outcomes among hospitals. Ultimately, 50-100% of the interhospital variation in outcomes was unexplained. Conclusion Hospital differences in the frequency of adverse obstetric outcomes could not be explained by differences in frequency of types of care provided.
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Background For many asthma medications, pregnancy safety data remains insufficient. Objective The omalizumab pregnancy registry, EXPECT, evaluates maternal, pregnancy, and infant outcomes after ...exposure to omalizumab, including incidence of congenital anomalies. Methods EXPECT is a prospective, observational study of pregnant women exposed to ≥1 dose of omalizumab within 8 weeks prior to conception or at any time during pregnancy. Primary outcome measures include rates of live births, elective terminations, stillbirths, and congenital anomalies. Data were collected at enrollment, each trimester, birth, and every 6 months up to 18 months post-delivery. Results As of November 2012, 188 of 191 pregnant women were exposed to omalizumab during their first trimester. Of 169 pregnancies with known outcomes (median exposure during pregnancy, 8.8 months), there were 156 live births of 160 infants (4 twin pairs), 1 fetal death/stillbirth, 11 spontaneous abortions, and 1 elective termination. Among 152 singleton infants, 22 (14.5%) were born prematurely. Of 147 singleton infants with weight data, 16 (10.9%) were small for gestational age. Among 125 singleton full-term infants, 4 (3.2%) had low birth weights. Overall, 20 infants had congenital anomalies confirmed, 7 (4.4%) of whom had 1 major defect. No pattern of anomalies was observed. Conclusions To date, proportions of major congenital anomalies, prematurity, low birth weight, and small size for gestational age observed in the EXPECT registry are not inconsistent with findings from other studies in this asthma population. Recognizing the small sample size available, no apparent increased birth prevalence of major anomalies or patterns of major anomalies has been observed.
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Objective Regulatory bodies and insurers evaluate hospital quality using obstetrical outcomes, however meaningful comparisons should take preexisting patient characteristics into account. ...Furthermore, if risk-adjusted outcomes are consistent within a hospital, fewer measures and resources would be needed to assess obstetrical quality. Our objective was to establish risk-adjusted models for 5 obstetric outcomes and assess hospital performance across these outcomes. Study Design We studied a cohort of 115,502 women and their neonates born in 25 hospitals in the United States from March 2008 through February 2011. Hospitals were ranked according to their unadjusted and risk-adjusted frequency of venous thromboembolism, postpartum hemorrhage, peripartum infection, severe perineal laceration, and a composite neonatal adverse outcome. Correlations between hospital risk-adjusted outcome frequencies were assessed. Results Venous thromboembolism occurred too infrequently (0.03%; 95% confidence interval CI, 0.02–0.04%) for meaningful assessment. Other outcomes occurred frequently enough for assessment (postpartum hemorrhage, 2.29%; 95% CI, 2.20–2.38, peripartum infection, 5.06%; 95% CI, 4.93–5.19, severe perineal laceration at spontaneous vaginal delivery, 2.16%; 95% CI, 2.06–2.27, neonatal composite, 2.73%; 95% CI, 2.63–2.84). Although there was high concordance between unadjusted and adjusted hospital rankings, several individual hospitals had an adjusted rank that was substantially different (as much as 12 rank tiers) than their unadjusted rank. None of the correlations between hospital-adjusted outcome frequencies was significant. For example, the hospital with the lowest adjusted frequency of peripartum infection had the highest adjusted frequency of severe perineal laceration. Conclusion Evaluations based on a single risk-adjusted outcome cannot be generalized to overall hospital obstetric performance.
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We review clinical care issues that are related to illicit and therapeutic opioid use among pregnant women and women in the postpartum period and outline the major responsibilities of obstetrics ...providers who care for these patients during the antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum periods. Selected patient treatment issues are highlighted, and case examples are provided. Securing a strong rapport and trust with these patients is crucial for success in delivering high-quality obstetric care and in coordinating services with other specialists as needed. Obstetrics providers have an ethical obligation to screen, assess, and provide brief interventions and referral to specialized treatment for patients with drug use disorders. Opioid-dependent pregnant women often can be treated effectively with methadone or buprenorphine. These medications are classified as pregnancy category C medications by the Food and Drug Administration, and their use in the treatment of opioid-dependent pregnant patients should not be considered “off-label.” Except in rare special circumstances, medication-assisted withdrawal during pregnancy should be discouraged because of a high relapse rate. Acute pain management in this population deserves special consideration because patients who use opioids can be hypersensitive to pain and because the use of mixed opioid-agonist/antagonists can precipitate opioid withdrawal. In the absence of other indications, pregnant women who use opioids do not require more intense medical care than other pregnant patients to ensure adequate treatment and the best possible outcomes. Together with specialists in pain and addiction medicine, obstetricians can coordinate comprehensive care for pregnant women who use opioids and women who use opioids in the postpartum period.
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Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether a model for predicting vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) can also predict the probabilty of morbidity associated with a trial of labor ...(TOL). Study Design Using a previously published prediction model, we categorized women with 1 prior cesarean by chance of VBAC. Prevalence of maternal and neonatal morbidity was stratfied by probability of VBAC success and delivery approach. Results Morbidity became less frequent as the predicted chance of VBAC increased among women who underwent TOL ( P < .001) but not elective repeat cesarean section (ERCS) ( P > .05). When the predicted chance of VBAC was less than 70%, women undergoing a TOL were more likely to have maternal morbidity (relative risk RR, 2.2; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.5-3.1) than those who underwent an ERCS; when the predicted chance of VBAC was at least 70%, total maternal morbidity was not different between the 2 groups (RR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5-1.2). The results were similar for neonatal morbidity. Conclusion A prediction model for VBAC provides information regarding the chance of TOL-related morbidity and suggests that maternal morbidity is not greater for those women who undergo TOL than those who undergo ERCS if the chance of VBAC is at least 70%.
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Objective Adherence to published criteria for transvaginal imaging and measurement of cervical length is uncertain. We sought to assess adherence by evaluating images submitted to certify research ...sonographers for participation in a clinical trial. Study Design We reviewed qualifying test results of sonographers seeking certification to image and measure cervical length in a clinical trial. Participating sonographers were required to access training materials and submit 15 images, 3 each from 5 pregnant women not enrolled in the trial. One of 2 sonologists reviewed all qualifying images. We recorded the proportion of images that did not meet standard criteria (excess compression, landmarks not seen, improper image size, or full maternal bladder) and the proportion in which the cervical length was measured incorrectly. Failure for a given patient was defined as >1 unacceptable image, or >2 acceptable images with incorrect caliper placement or erroneous choice of the “shortest best” cervical length. Certification required satisfactory images and cervical length measurement from ≥4 patients. Results A total of 327 sonographers submitted 4905 images. A total of 271 sonographers (83%) were certified on the first, 41 (13%) on the second, and 2 (0.6%) on the third submission. Thirteen never achieved certification. Of 314 who passed, 196 submitted 15 acceptable images that were appropriately measured for all 5 women. There were 1277 deficient images: 493 were acceptable but incorrectly measured images from sonographers who passed certification because mismeasurement occurred no more than twice. Of 784 deficient images submitted by sonographers who failed the certification, 471 were rejected because of improper measurement (caliper placement and/or failure to identify the shortest best image), and 313 because of failure to obtain a satisfactory image (excessive compression, required landmarks not visible, incorrect image size, brief examination, and/or full maternal bladder). Conclusion Although 83% of sonographers were certified on their first submission, >1 in 4 ultrasound images submitted did not meet published quality criteria. Increased attention to standardized education and credentials is warranted for persons who perform ultrasound examinations of the cervix in pregnancy.
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