Recently, advancement in materials production, device fabrication, and flexible circuit has led to the huge prosperity of wearable electronics for human healthcare monitoring and medical diagnosis. ...Particularly, with the emergence of 2D materials many merits including light weight, high stretchability, excellent biocompatibility, and high performance are used for those potential applications. Thus, it is urgent to review the wearable electronics based on 2D materials for the detection of various human signals. In this work, the typical graphene‐based materials, transition‐metal dichalcogenides, and transition metal carbides or carbonitrides used for the wearable electronics are discussed. To well understand the human physiological information, it is divided into two dominated categories, namely, the human physical and the human chemical signals. The monitoring of body temperature, electrograms, subtle signals, and limb motions is described for the physical signals while the detection of body fluid including sweat, breathing gas, and saliva is reviewed for the chemical signals. Recent progress and development toward those specific utilizations are highlighted in the Review with the representative examples. The future outlook of wearable healthcare techniques is briefly discussed for their commercialization.
Wearable electronics based on 2D materials including graphene, transition‐metal dichalcogenides, and transition metal carbides or carbonitrides are reviewed, which display great potential in the applications of human healthcare information detection.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
2D transition metal chalcogenide (TMDC) materials, such as MoS2, have recently attracted considerable research interest in the context of their use in ultrascaled devices owing to their excellent ...electronic properties. Microprocessors and neural network circuits based on MoS2 have been developed at a large scale but still do not have an advantage over silicon in terms of their integrated density. In this study, the current structures, contact engineering, and doping methods for 2D TMDC materials for the scaling‐down process and performance optimization are reviewed. Devices are introduced according to a new mechanism to provide the comprehensive prospects for the use of MoS2 beyond the traditional complementary–metal–oxide semiconductor in order to summarize obstacles to the goal of developing high‐density and low‐power integrated circuits (ICs). Finally, prospects for the use of MoS2 in large‐scale ICs from the perspectives of the material, system performance, and application to nonlogic functionalities such as sensor circuits and analogous circuits, are briefly analyzed. The latter issue is along the direction of “more than Moore” research.
2D materials show great potential to enable the transistor scaling down below 1 nm node. This review focuses on the introduction of the optimization of 2D materials‐based transistor, new mechanisms, design flow, and circuits, which indicate the trend of 2D transistors toward very large‐scale integrated circuits.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The human body is a "delicate machine" full of sensors such as the fingers, nose, and mouth. In addition, numerous physiological signals are being created every moment, which can reflect the ...condition of the body. The quality and the quantity of the physiological signals are important for diagnoses and the execution of therapies. Due to the incompact interface between the sensors and the skin, the signals obtained by commercial rigid sensors do not bond well with the body; this decreases the quality of the signal. To increase the quantity of the data, it is important to detect physiological signals in real time during daily life. In recent years, there has been an obvious trend of applying graphene devices with excellent performance (flexibility, biocompatibility, and electronic characters) in wearable systems. In this review, we will first provide an introduction about the different methods of synthesis of graphene, and then techniques for graphene patterning will be outlined. Moreover, wearable graphene sensors to detect mechanical, electrophysiological, fluid, and gas signals will be introduced. Finally, the challenges and prospects of wearable graphene devices will be discussed. Wearable graphene sensors can improve the quality and quantity of the physiological signals and have great potential for health-care and telemedicine in the future.
Based on the good characteristics of graphene, many physiological signals can be detected by graphene sensors covering the human body. Graphene wearable sensors have great potential in healthcare and telemedicine.
As the aging population increases in many countries, electronic skin (e‐skin) for health monitoring has been attracting much attention. However, to realize the industrialization of e‐skin, two ...factors must be optimized. The first is to achieve high comfort, which can significantly improve the user experience. The second is to make the e‐skin intelligent, so it can detect and analyze physiological signals at the same time. In this article, intelligent and multifunctional e‐skin consisting of laser‐scribed graphene and polyurethane (PU) nanomesh is realized with high comfort. The e‐skin can be used as a strain sensor with large measurement range (>60%), good sensitivity (GF≈40), high linearity range (60%), and excellent stability (>1000 cycles). By analyzing the morphology of e‐skin, a parallel networks model is proposed to express the mechanism of the strain sensor. In addition, laser scribing is also applied to etch the insulating PU, which greatly decreases the impedance in detecting electrophysiology signals. Finally, the e‐skin is applied to monitor the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), and electrooculogram signals. A time‐ and frequency‐domain concatenated convolution neural network is built to analyze the EEG signal detected using the e‐skin on the forehead and classify the attention level of testers.
In this work, intelligent graphene electronic skin (e‐skin) is realized. The graphene nanomesh e‐skin has good skin compatibility and water vapor permeability, which leads to high comfort. Combining good piezoresistive effect, high conductivity, and intelligent algorithm, the e‐skin can be used to detect physiological signals, such as breath, pulse, electrocardiogram, and distinguish electroencephalograms.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Ultra-scaled transistors are of interest in the development of next-generation electronic devices1-3. Although atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) transistors have been reported4, the ...fabrication of devices with gate lengths below 1 nm has been challenging5. Here we demonstrate side-wall MoS2 transistors with an atomically thin channel and a physical gate length of sub-1 nm using the edge of a graphene layer as the gate electrode. The approach uses large-area graphene and MoS2 films grown by chemical vapour deposition for the fabrication of side-wall transistors on a 2-inch wafer. These devices have On/Off ratios up to 1.02 x 105 and subthreshold swing values down to 117 mV dec-1. Simulation results indicate that the MoS2 side-wall effective channel length approaches 0.34 nm in the On state and 4.54 nm in the Off state. This work can promote Moore's law of the scaling down of transistors for next-generation electronics.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Traditional sound sources and sound detectors are usually independent and discrete in the human hearing range. To minimize the device size and integrate it with wearable electronics, there is an ...urgent requirement of realizing the functional integration of generating and detecting sound in a single device. Here we show an intelligent laser-induced graphene artificial throat, which can not only generate sound but also detect sound in a single device. More importantly, the intelligent artificial throat will significantly assist for the disabled, because the simple throat vibrations such as hum, cough and scream with different intensity or frequency from a mute person can be detected and converted into controllable sounds. Furthermore, the laser-induced graphene artificial throat has the advantage of one-step fabrication, high efficiency, excellent flexibility and low cost, and it will open practical applications in voice control, wearable electronics and many other areas.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. Metabolic reprogramming is considered a new hallmark of cancer, but it remains unclearly described ...in HCC. The dysregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is common in HCC and is, therefore, a topic of further research and the concern of developing a novel target for liver cancer therapy. In this review, we illustrate mechanisms by which this signaling network is accountable for regulating HCC cellular metabolism, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and oxidative metabolism, and summarize the ongoing clinical trials based on the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in HCC.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
A mechanical sensor with graphene porous network (GPN) combined with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is demonstrated by the first time. Using the nickel foam as template and chemically etching method, ...the GPN can be created in the PDMS-nickel foam coated with graphene, which can achieve both pressure and strain sensing properties. Because of the pores in the GPN, the composite as pressure and strain sensor exhibit wide pressure sensing range and highest sensitivity among the graphene foam-based sensors, respectively. In addition, it shows potential applications in monitoring or even recognize the walking states, finger bending degree, and wrist blood pressure.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Sensors enable the detection of physiological indicators and pathological markers to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term monitoring of diseases, in addition to playing an essential role ...in the observation and evaluation of physiological activities. The development of modern medical activities cannot be separated from the precise detection, reliable acquisition, and intelligent analysis of human body information. Therefore, sensors have become the core of new-generation health technologies along with the Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI). Previous research on the sensing of human information has conferred many superior properties on sensors, of which biocompatibility is one of the most important. Recently, biocompatible biosensors have developed rapidly to provide the possibility for the long-term and in-situ monitoring of physiological information. In this review, we summarize the ideal features and engineering realization strategies of three different types of biocompatible biosensors, including wearable, ingestible, and implantable sensors from the level of sensor designing and application. Additionally, the detection targets of the biosensors are further divided into vital life parameters (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate), biochemical indicators, as well as physical and physiological parameters based on the clinical needs. In this review, starting from the emerging concept of next-generation diagnostics and healthcare technologies, we discuss how biocompatible sensors revolutionize the state-of-art healthcare system unprecedentedly, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced in the future development of biocompatible health sensors.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recently, wearable devices have been attracting significantly increased interest in human motion detection and human physiological signal monitoring. Currently, it is still a great challenge to ...fabricate strain sensors with high performance and good fit to the human body. In this work, we fabricated a close-fitting and wearable graphene textile strain sensor based on a graphene textile without polymer encapsulation. Graphene oxide acts as a colorant to dye the polyester fabric and is reduced at high temperature, which endows the graphene textile strain sensor with excellent performance. Compared with the previously reported strain sensors, our strain sensor exhibits a distinctive negative resistance variation with increasing strain. In addition, the sensor also demonstrates fascinating performance, including high sensitivity, long-term stability, and great comfort. Based on its superior performance, the graphene textile strain sensor can be knitted on clothing for detecting both subtle and large human motions, showing the tremendous potential for applications in wearable electronics.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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