This paper proposes a methodology for using mobile telephone-based sensor data for detecting spatial and temporal differences in everyday activities in cities. Mobile telephone-based sensor data has ...great applicability in developing urban monitoring tools and smart city solutions. The paper outlines methods for delineating indicator points of temporal events referenced as 'midnight', 'morning start', 'midday', and 'duration of day', which represent the mobile telephone usage of residents (what we call social time) rather than solar or standard time. Density maps by time quartiles were also utilized to test the versatility of this methodology and to analyze the spatial differences in cities. The methodology was tested with data from cities of Harbin (China), Paris (France), and Tallinn (Estonia). Results show that the developed methods have potential for measuring the distribution of temporal activities in cities and monitoring urban changes with georeferenced mobile phone data.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Acute encephalopathy is a common clinical presentation for hospital admissions. Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare cause of encephalopathy which has increasingly been recognized over the last decade. ...The detection of various neuronal antibodies has helped diagnose these syndromes, but they have limited availability, mostly in the developed countries. We present a case of a middle-aged female presenting with memory impairment, gait disturbances, and hyponatremia. A clinical diagnosis of autoimmune limbic encephalitis was made based on faciobrachial dystonic seizures, SIADH, and MRI changes 10 days prior to autoantibody titer returned. Prompt treatment with steroids and intravenous immunoglobulin was started with improvement in her neurological symptoms. This case highlights the importance of considering autoimmune encephalitis syndromes in the differential diagnosis of patients with classical neurological presentations and prompt diagnosis and immunotherapy to improve neurological outcomes.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
The objective of this study is to analyse the diurnal rhythms of city life and its spatial differences in Tallinn, using mobile telephone positioning data. The positioning experiment was carried out ...in April 2006 over an 8-day period and 15-min intervals, with a random sample of 277 respondents living in new residential areas outside the city of Tallinn.
The investigation of the space–time movements and daily distances of respondents showed that the majority of respondents had a similar temporal rhythm related to work, school, services and leisure in the city. Because of the different timing of those activities, the mobile positioning data made it possible to map functional differences in the city. The advantages and disadvantages of mobile positioning data in mapping urban life are discussed in the final section of the study.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Biphasic defibrillation has been practiced worldwide for >15 years. Yet, consensus does not exist on the best energy levels for optimal outcomes when used in patients with ventricular fibrillation ...(VF)/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT).
This prospective, randomized, controlled trial of 235 adult cardiac arrest patients with VF/VT was conducted in the emergency and cardiology departments. One group received low-energy (LE) shocks at 150-150-150 J and the other escalating higher-energy (HE) shocks at 200-300-360 J. If return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was not achieved by the third shock, LE patients crossed over to the HE arm and HE patients continued at 360 J. Primary end point was ROSC. Secondary end points were 24-hour, 7-day, and 30-day survival.
Both groups were comparable for age, sex, cardiac risk factors, and duration of collapse and VF/VT. Of the 118 patients randomized to the LE group, 48 crossed over to the HE protocol, 24 for persistent VF, and 24 for recurrent VF. First-shock termination rates for HE and LE patients were 66.67% and 64.41%, respectively (
=0.78, confidence interval: 0.65-1.89). First-shock ROSC rates were 25.64% and 29.66%, respectively (
=0.56, confidence interval: 0.46-1.45). The 24-hour, 7-day, and 30-day survival rates were 85.71%, 74.29%, and 62.86% for first-shock ROSC LE patients and 70.00%, 50.00%, and 46.67% for first-shock ROSC HE patients, respectively. Conversion rates for further shocks at 200 J and 300 J were low, but increased to 38.95% at 360 J.
First-shock termination and ROSC rates were not significantly different between LE and HE biphasic defibrillation for cardiac arrest patients. Patients responded best at 150/200 J and at 360 J energy levels. For patients with VF/pulseless VT, consideration is needed to escalate quickly to HE shocks at 360 J if not successfully defibrillated with 150 or 200 J initially.
Develop computer vision models for image-based differentiation of bacterial and fungal corneal ulcers and compare their performance against human experts.
Cross-sectional comparison of diagnostic ...performance.
Patients with acute, culture-proven bacterial or fungal keratitis from 4 centers in South India.
Five convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were trained using images from handheld cameras collected from patients with culture-proven corneal ulcers in South India recruited as part of clinical trials conducted between 2006 and 2015. Their performance was evaluated on 2 hold-out test sets (1 single center and 1 multicenter) from South India. Twelve local expert cornea specialists performed remote interpretation of the images in the multicenter test set to enable direct comparison against CNN performance.
Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) individually and for each group collectively (i.e., CNN ensemble and human ensemble).
The best-performing CNN architecture was MobileNet, which attained an AUC of 0.86 on the single-center test set (other CNNs range, 0.68–0.84) and 0.83 on the multicenter test set (other CNNs range, 0.75–0.83). Expert human AUCs on the multicenter test set ranged from 0.42 to 0.79. The CNN ensemble achieved a statistically significantly higher AUC (0.84) than the human ensemble (0.76; P < 0.01). CNNs showed relatively higher accuracy for fungal (81%) versus bacterial (75%) ulcers, whereas humans showed relatively higher accuracy for bacterial (88%) versus fungal (56%) ulcers. An ensemble of the best-performing CNN and best-performing human achieved the highest AUC of 0.87, although this was not statistically significantly higher than the best CNN (0.83; P = 0.17) or best human (0.79; P = 0.09).
Computer vision models achieved superhuman performance in identifying the underlying infectious cause of corneal ulcers compared with cornea specialists. The best-performing model, MobileNet, attained an AUC of 0.83 to 0.86 without any additional clinical or historical information. These findings suggest the potential for future implementation of these models to enable earlier directed antimicrobial therapy in the management of infectious keratitis, which may improve visual outcomes. Additional studies are ongoing to incorporate clinical history and expert opinion into predictive models.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
An acellular pertussis vaccine JNIH-6 containing pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin was evaluated in adult volunteers with regard to adverse reactions and antibody response. Adverse ...reactions were few and mild. A late onset local reaction was seen in 22 of the 47 vaccinees (47%) as compared to none of the 20 subjects receiving a placebo, the carrier solution of aluminium phosphate of the vaccine. The reaction, which manifested itself on the 6th to 8th day after vaccination, consisted in all cases of an induration and/or swelling considered insignificant by the majority of the subjects. The reaction was only found in vaccinees receiving a first dose of vaccine and was independent of the prevaccination antitoxin level. The vaccine induced a highly satisfactory antibody response to both filamentous hemagglutinin and pertussis toxin.
Data from two Swedish pertussis vaccine trials with various combination vaccines were used to compare anti-diphtheria antitoxin concentrations over time between different vaccines, vaccine lots and ...vaccine schedules. The immune responses were measured with a validated ELISA method.
Results are given for 1326 children, born 1992, that were recruited to the placebo (DT)-controlled Trial I which used a 2, 4, 6 month schedule. Two DTP acellular and one DTP whole cell vaccine were used. No DT boosters were given until 5 years of age.
Trial II recruited children born 1993–94 and compared three DTP acellular vaccines with one DTP whole cell vaccine. Results are given for 306 children in a 2, 4, 6 month schedule and for 531 children in a 3, 5, 12 month schedule. The latter schedule gave significantly higher diphtheria antitoxin concentrations post third dose.
The various DTP acellular vaccines and an inefficacious DTP whole cell vaccine gave lower antitoxin concentrations than both an efficacious DTP whole cell vaccine and the DT vaccine. The larger differences in antigen response between vaccines was reduced in the course of time. Generally, an initial rapid decline of antitoxin concentration was followed by a slower decline; the change typically occurring when the antitoxin concentration reached 0.13–0.16 EU/ml. The time needed to reach this level was between 6 and 10 months based on the initial vaccine response.
A “best-fit” combined exponential regression model was used to predict the optimal timing for booster vaccinations against diphtheria.
Our data support a 3, 5, 12 month schedule followed by a fourth dose 4–5 years after the third dose, depending upon the vaccine used.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
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