This article contributes a new configuration of the current mode (CM) sinusoidal oscillator employing a single voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA), as an active building block, and ...all grounded passive elements. This fully electronically tunable circuit offers independent control of its design parameters i.e., oscillation condition (OC) and oscillation frequency (OF). To validate the design concept, along with the regular mathematics, simulations have been performed using PSPICE software. Experimental results have been obtained by the commercially available IC i.e., LM13700, to validate the theoretical expectations.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The influence that neurons exert on astrocytic function is poorly understood. To investigate this, we first developed a system combining cortical neurons and astrocytes from closely related species, ...followed by RNA-seq and in silico species separation. This approach uncovers a wide programme of neuron-induced astrocytic gene expression, involving Notch signalling, which drives and maintains astrocytic maturity and neurotransmitter uptake function, is conserved in human development, and is disrupted by neurodegeneration. Separately, hundreds of astrocytic genes are acutely regulated by synaptic activity via mechanisms involving cAMP/PKA-dependent CREB activation. This includes the coordinated activity-dependent upregulation of major astrocytic components of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, leading to a CREB-dependent increase in astrocytic glucose metabolism and elevated lactate export. Moreover, the groups of astrocytic genes induced by neurons or neuronal activity both show age-dependent decline in humans. Thus, neurons and neuronal activity regulate the astrocytic transcriptome with the potential to shape astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) alters astrocytes, but the effect of Aß and Tau pathology is poorly understood. TRAP-seq translatome analysis of astrocytes in APP/PS1 ß-amyloidopathy and MAPT
tauopathy mice ...revealed that only Aß influenced expression of AD risk genes, but both pathologies precociously induced age-dependent changes, and had distinct but overlapping signatures found in human post-mortem AD astrocytes. Both Aß and Tau pathology induced an astrocyte signature involving repression of bioenergetic and translation machinery, and induction of inflammation pathways plus protein degradation/proteostasis genes, the latter enriched in targets of inflammatory mediator Spi1 and stress-activated cytoprotective Nrf2. Astrocyte-specific Nrf2 expression induced a reactive phenotype which recapitulated elements of this proteostasis signature, reduced Aß deposition and phospho-tau accumulation in their respective models, and rescued brain-wide transcriptional deregulation, cellular pathology, neurodegeneration and behavioural/cognitive deficits. Thus, Aß and Tau induce overlapping astrocyte profiles associated with both deleterious and adaptive-protective signals, the latter of which can slow patho-progression.
In this paper, a battery‐supported unified power quality controller (UPQC) for a small hydro‐based isolated power generation is investigated as a voltage and frequency controller. The self‐excited ...squirrel cage induction generator driven by constant power prime mover (small hydro turbine) has unacceptable voltage, frequency and power quality under non‐linear loads. The battery‐supported UPQC‐based voltage controlled‐voltage source converter is designed, modelled and simulated in MATLAB environment. Here UPQC has series and shunt converters with a battery and it is used to feed the local loads. This small distributed power generation system is capable to feed unbalanced non‐linear loads because a shunt converter is used to take care the compensation of unbalanced loads and it always maintains the source currents balanced and sinusoidal. Moreover, a series converter is used to inject the series voltages in the self‐excited squirrel cage induction generator terminals to regulate the common coupling point voltage during unbalanced non‐linear loads. Performance of a battery‐supported UPQC is also validated experimentally using a laboratory prototype of a 3.7 kW, 230 V, 50 Hz capacitor excited induction generator.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by Aβ and tau pathology as well as synaptic degeneration, which correlates best with cognitive impairment. Previous work suggested that this pathological ...complexity may result from changes in mRNA translation. Here, we studied whether mRNA translation and its underlying signalling are altered in an early model of AD, and whether modelling this deficiency in mice causes pathological features with ageing. Using an unbiased screen, we show that exposure of primary neurons to nanomolar amounts of Aβ increases FMRP-regulated protein synthesis. This selective regulation of mRNA translation is dependent on a signalling cascade involving MAPK-interacting kinase 1 (Mnk1) and the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), and ultimately results in reduction of CYFIP2, an FMRP-binding protein. Modelling this CYFIP2 reduction in mice, we find age-dependent Aβ accumulation in the thalamus, development of tau pathology in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, as well as gliosis and synapse loss in the hippocampus, together with deficits in memory formation. Therefore, we conclude that early stages of AD involve increased translation of specific CYFIP2/FMRP-regulated transcripts. Since reducing endogenous CYFIP2 expression is sufficient to cause key features of AD with ageing in mice, we suggest that prolonged activation of this pathway is a primary step toward AD pathology, highlighting a novel direction for therapeutic targeting.
The manufacturing industries continuously demanded the new class of engineering materials for various applications. It results in improvement of metal matrix composites. Development of newer ...materials like MMCs are one of the keen area of research now a day's. In this regard various literatures are available in open literature on development, characterization and application of MMCs. In this work an attempt is made to discuss the available literatures in terms of their output findings. The work also focuses on the area where the more attention is required to carry out the research work.
In Alzheimer's disease synapse loss precedes neuronal loss and correlates best with impaired memory formation. However, the mechanisms underlying synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease are not ...well known. Further, it is unclear why synapses in AD cerebellum are protected from degeneration. Our recent work on the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator p25 suggested that expression of the multifunctional presynaptic molecule cysteine string protein alpha (CSPalpha) may be affected in Alzheimer's disease.
Using western blots and immunohistochemistry, we found that CSPalpha expression is reduced in hippocampus and superior temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease. Reduced CSPalpha expression occurred before synaptophysin levels drop, suggesting that it contributes to the initial stages of synaptic degeneration. Surprisingly, we also found that CSPalpha expression is upregulated in cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease. This CSPalpha upregulation reached the same level as in young, healthy cerebellum. We tested the idea whether CSPalpha upregulation might be neuroprotective, using htau mice, a model of tauopathy that expresses the entire wild-type human tau gene in the absence of mouse tau. In htau mice CSPalpha expression was found to be elevated at times when neuronal loss did not occur.
Our findings provide evidence that the presynaptic vesicle protein CSPalpha is a key player in synaptic degeneration and protection in Alzheimer's disease. In the forebrain CSPalpha expression is reduced early in the disease and this may contribute to the initial stages of synaptic degeneration. In the cerebellum CSPalpha expression is upregulated to young, healthy levels and this may protect cerebellar synapses and neurons to survive. Accordingly, CSPalpha upregulation also occurs in a mouse model of tauopathy only at time when neuronal loss does not take place.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Some soils cannot withstand heavy loads due to significantly low California Bearing Ratio and shear strength. So, to reduce this problem treatment of soil is needed to be done using different ...stabilizers like furnace slag, fly ash, limestone fines, bitumen, plastic waste etc. Itis defined as the process for improving the properties of the soil either providing physical or chemical treatments and by blending and mixing of some other materials with the soil. It helps in controlling the shrink-swell properties of soil and also improves the shear strength properties and the capacity of soil to support the loads. This paper is aimed at providing soil stabilization using the waste plastic. The main motive of this research is to evaluate the result of incorporating waste plastic bottles on the geotechnical properties of soil. Various percentages of waste plastic bottles (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%) added in the soil sample and sequel the engineering properties of soil. For this, various laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples like Unconfined Compressive Strength, California Bearing Ratio, and Proctor Test etc. and compared with the soil samples without any plastic waste. The outcome of the study showed that addition of the waste plastic bottles have positive effect on the soil properties which promotes the re-use of waste plastic from industry in an economical and environmentally friendly way and it will also help with the disposal problem of these plastic wastes on some extend.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Concrete is the generally used building material for many kinds of structure attributable to its durability. The rubber is generated in huge quantities as waste doesn't have helpful disposal until ...currently. Thus, crumb tyre is used as the partial replacement of fine aggregate in the present study. The most parameters investigated during this study is M30 grade concrete as per IS 10262-2019 with the partial substitute of fine aggregate by crumb tyre rubber in the ratio of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. During this mix, the optimum value of crumb rubber is found out. Then alccofine is mixed in the ratio of 5%, 10% and 15% at the optimum percentage of crumb rubber. This study is evaluating the impact of crumb rubber tyre on the compressive strength and durability at the age of 7 and 28 days. The compressive strength decreases because of the crumb tyre rubber increases in the concrete which affects the bond between the rubber tyre and other concrete ingredients. The alccofine is employed to increment the reduced strength of concrete due to the utilization of waste tyre crumb rubber. Usage of alccofine showed good results in terms of compressive strength at normal curing as well as in the acid curing. The present research study helps to overcome the solid waste and used as new material in the concrete.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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