Reactive stromal changes that occur in different human cancers might play a role in local tumor spreading and progression. Studies done on various human cancers have shown activated stromal cell ...phenotypes, modified extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, and increased microvessel density. Furthermore, they exhibit biological markers consistent with stroma at the site of wound repair. In prostate cancer, stroma is composed of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells and immune cells. Predominant cells in the tumorous stroma are, however, fibroblasts/ myofibroblasts. They are responsible for the synthesis, deposition and remodeling of the ECM. Epithelial tumorous cells, in interaction with stromal cells and with the help of various molecules of ECM, create a microenvironment suitable for cancer cell proliferation, movement, and differentiation. In this review, we discussed the role of different stromal components in prostate cancer as well as their potential prognostic and therapeutic significance.
Chronic inflammation is associated with both benign conditions and cancer. Likewise, inflammatory cells are quite common in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic tissue harboring cancer. ...Triggers that activate inflammatory pathways in the prostate remain a subject of argument and are likely to be multifactorial, some of these being bacterial antigens, different chemical irritations, and metabolic disorders. Acute and chronic inflammation in prostate leads to accumulation of immunocompetent cells, mainly T lymphocytes and macrophages, but also neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, depending on the type of offending agent. Inflammatory processes activate hyperproliferative programs resulting in nodules seen in BPH, but are also important in creating suitable microenvironment for cancer growth and progression. Inflammatory cells have mostly been shown to have a protumoral effect such as tumor-associated macrophages, but some cell types such as mast cells have antitumoral effects. This review outlines the recent findings and theories supporting the role of inflammatory responses as drivers of both benign and malignant epithelial processes in the prostate gland.
Breast hamartoma is an uncommon mass lesion made up of varying proportions of normal breast tissues. It involves between 0.7% to 5.0% of all benign breast tumors. A very uncommon variation of mammary ...hamartoma called myoid hamartoma is distinguished by the presence of smooth muscle cells in the stroma. We present a case of a myoid hamartoma of the breast with literature review.
The susceptibility of brain to secondary formation from lung cancer primaries is a well-known phenomenon. In contrast, the molecular basis for invasion and metastasis to the brain is largely unknown. ...In the present study, 31 brain metastases that originated from primary lung carcinomas were analyzed regarding over expression of Dishevelled-1 (DVL1), Dishevelled-3 (DVL3), E-cadherin (CDH1) and beta-catenin (CTNNB1). Protein expressions and localizations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Genetic alterations of E-cadherin were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/loss of heterozygosity (LOH). Heteroduplex was used to investigate mutations in beta-catenin. DVL1 and DVL3 showed over expression in brain metastasis in 87.1% and 90.3% of samples respectively. Nuclear staining was observed in 54.8% of cases for DVL1 and 53.3% for DVL3. The main effector of the Wnt signaling, beta-catenin, was up-regulated in 56%, and transferred to the nucleus in 36% of metastases. When DVL1 and DVL3 were up-regulated the number of cases with nuclear beta-catenin significantly increased (p=0.0001). Down-regulation of E-cadherin was observed in 80% of samples. Genetic analysis showed 36% of samples with LOH of the CDH1. In comparison to other lung cancer pathologies, the diagnoses adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were significantly associated to CDH1 LOH (p=0.001). Microsatellite instability was detected in one metastasis from adenocarcinoma. Exon 3 of beta-catenin was not targeted. Altered expression of Dishevelled-1, Dishevelled-3, E-cadherin and beta-catenin were present in brain metastases which indicates that Wnt signaling is important and may contribute to better understanding of genetic profile conditioning lung cancer metastasis to the brain.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
We report a case of hand soft tissue tumor-proliferative fasciitis (PF)-in a 12-year-old patient that presented as a painful lump causing trigger finger. After meticulous diagnostic workup, a ...surgical excision led to immediate amelioration of symptoms. PF is a rare benign pseudosarcomatous lesion arising typically in the subcutaneous tissue and fascia in adults. It is very uncommon in the hand. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a trigger finger being caused due to this pathology. In this report, the authors review PF lesions on hands, advice careful evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging features, and recommend surgical management.
Abstract Background The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that was originally identified as a marker for carcinoma, attributable to its high expression on ...rapidly proliferating tumors of epithelial origin. The role of EpCAM is not limited to cell adhesion but includes diverse processes such as signaling, cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Objective Several studies investigated EpCAM expression in prostate carcinoma but none of them confirmed its prognostic role. The aim of our study was to investigate EpCAM expression and its relationship with established prognostic features in prostate carcinoma. Materials and methods The study included a cohort of 102 patients treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the EpCAM expression in prostate cancer and non-neoplastic prostate tissue. The percentage of positively stained carcinoma and benign glands was examined in the whole mount of the chosen slide. Results The extent of EpCAM expression was significantly higher in malignant than in benign prostatic tissue ( P < 0.001). EpCAM expression in prostate cancer was associated with established features indicative of worse prognosis, such as preoperative ( P = 0.009) and postoperative ( P = 0.004) Gleason score and follow-up time ( P < 0.001). Patients with higher preoperative and postoperative Gleason score and short follow-up time had tumors with a significantly higher expression of EpCAM. Negative correlation of follow-up time and EpCAM expression indicated that tumors in patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) harbored higher EpCAM expression. Moreover, expression of EpCAM was significantly higher in patients with BCR compared with patients without BCR ( P < 0.001). Tumors in T3 stage of the disease showed significantly higher EpCAM expression compared with T2 tumors ( P = 0.002). Univariate ( P < 0.001) and multivariate ( P < 0.001) analyses showed that EpCAM expression was a significant predictor of shorter biochemical recurrence free-survival. Conclusion Our results confirmed high level of EpCAM expression in prostate cancer and support its potential role in prostatic cancer progression. In addition, EpCAM could serve as an additional prognostic marker for the recognition of patients with an increased risk of disease recurrence that need introduction of secondary therapy.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Appendiceal intussusception is a rare clinical entity that, in women of reproductive age, may be caused by endometriosis. We report a case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with abdominal pain. The ...patient underwent laparoscopic surgery, during which a suspicion of a cecal tumor was raised. A laparoscopic right hemicolectomy was performed. The patohistological exam showed an intussuscepted appendix, and the cause of the intussusception was massive endometriosis involving the colon, ileum, and appendix. It is important not to mistake appendiceal intussusception and appendiceal endometriosis with other intraabdominal pathologies whose symptoms they can mimic
Recently, some new morphological features of colorectal cancer have been discovered as important prognostic factors; in this paper, we study the relationship between tumor budding (TB) and tumor ...deposits (TDs).
The retrospective cohort study included 90 patients with pathohistologically confirmed stage III CRC who were treated with radical surgical resection. All hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)-stained slides from each patient were reviewed, and histological parameters were recorded. The samples were divided into two groups with similar sizes: a group without TDs (N = 51) and a control group with TDs (N = 39). The presence and TB grade were further analyzed in these groups and compared with other clinical and histological features.
The prevalence of TB in the investigated cohort was unexpectedly high (94.4%). Overall, there were 23 (25.6%) Bd1, 20 (22.2%) Bd2, and 47 (52.2%) Bd3 cases. The presence of TDs was significantly associated with a higher number of TB (
< 0.001, OR 16.3) and, consequently, with a higher TB grade (
= 0.004, OR 11.04). A higher TB grade (
= 0.001, HR 2.28; 95% CI 1.93-4.76) and a growing number of TDs (
= 0.014, HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.09-2.1) were statistically significantly associated with shorter survival.
TDs appear more often in patients with higher TB grades in stage III CRC. A higher TB grade and a growing number of TDs were statistically significantly associated with shorter overall survival. These results could give additional emphasis to the importance of TB as an adverse prognostic factor since a strong relationship with TDs has been demonstrated.
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