A full congener-specific determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was conducted for street dusts in some areas in northern Vietnam. Total 209 PCB concentrations (median and range) of 14 ...(2.2–120), 11 (6.6–32), and 0.25 (0.10–0.97) ng g−1 were measured in the street dusts from an industrial park, an urban area, and a rural commune, respectively, suggesting environmental loads of PCBs related to industrialization and urbanization in northern Vietnam. PCB patterns of street dusts from the industrial park were dominated by lightly chlorinated homologs (tri- and tetra-CBs), while more highly chlorinated homologs (penta- and hexa-CBs) were the major contributors to total PCBs in the urban samples, indicating different emission sources. Linear correlations of log-transformed sum of 7 indicator congeners with total PCBs and sum of dioxin-like PCBs were observed. PCB-11, an inadvertently produced congener of pigment manufacturing processes, was detected in all the samples with more elevated proportions in the urban and rural areas than industrial park. Our results have revealed complex emission sources of PCBs in the study areas, including both historical (e.g., the past usage of imported PCB-containing oils and old electric equipment) and current sources such as releases from industrial activities and increasing use of new consumer products. Occupationally exposed persons (e.g., street sweepers, street vendors, and traffic policemen) and children in the urban and industrial areas were estimated to receive much higher doses of dust-bound PCBs than general population, suggesting the need for appropriate protection conditions.
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•Concentrations of 209 PCBs were determined in street dusts from northern Vietnam.•PCB levels in industrial and urban samples were significantly higher than rural ones.•Street dusts exhibited different patterns of PCBs between study areas.•PCB-11 was among the most abundant congeners in all the street dust samples.•Street dusts contributed about 2% to total DI of PCBs by occupationally exposed groups.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and selected novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were examined in road dust samples collected from three representative areas in northern Vietnam, ...including seven inner districts of Hanoi metropolitan area, an industrial park in Thai Nguyen province and a rural commune in Bac Giang province. This study aims to provide basic information on the contamination status, potential sources and human exposure to PBDEs and NBFRs associated with road dust in northern Vietnam. PBDEs were detected in all the samples at a range of 0.91–56 ng g−1 with a median value of 16 ng g−1. PBDE concentrations in road dusts from urban sites were significantly higher than those from industrial zone and rural area, suggesting their environmental load related to urbanization in northern Vietnam. BDE-209, major component of deca-BDE technical mixtures, dominated the congener patterns in all samples, accounting for 60.8–91.9% of total PBDE levels. Decabromodiphenyl ethane, an alternative of deca-BDE, was observed in a detection frequency of 100% in urban and industrial areas and at levels comparable to those of BDE-209. Other NBFRs such as pentabromoethylbenzene, hexabromobiphenyl and 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane, were found at trace levels. Daily intake doses of PBDEs via road dust ingestion from 2.3 × 10−5 to 0.11 ng kg-bw−1 d−1 were estimated for residents in study areas, indicating a negligible risk with hazard indexes of 10−9 to 10−5 for selected congeners such as BDE-47, 99, 153 and 209.
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•The presence of PBDEs and some novel BFRs in Vietnamese road dusts was investigated.•PBDE and NBFR levels were higher in urban samples than industrial and rural ones.•BDE-209 was the most predominant PBDE congener in road dusts.•DBDPE was detected at levels comparable to BDE-209.•Road dust can contribute about 3% to total daily intake of PBDEs by Hanoi residents.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Of 942 organic micro-pollutants screened, 167 compounds were detected at least once in the atmosphere in some primitive waste processing sites and an urban area in northern Vietnam by using a ...polyurethane foam-based passive air sampling (PUF–PAS) method and an Automated Identification and Quantification System with a Database (AIQS–DB) for GC–MS. Total concentrations of organic pollutants were higher in samples collected from an urban area of Hanoi city (2300–2600 ng m–3) as compared with those from an end-of-life vehicle (ELV) dismantling area in Bac Giang (900–1700 ng m–3) and a waste recycling cooperative in Thai Nguyen (870–1300 ng m–3). Domestic chemicals (e.g., n-alkanes, phthalate ester plasticizers, and synthetic phenolic antioxidants) dominated the organic pollutant patterns in all the samples, especially in the urban area. Pesticides (e.g., permethrins, chlorpyrifos, and propiconazole) were found in the atmosphere around the ELV sites at more elevated concentrations than the other areas. Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the Bac Giang and Thai Nguyen facilities were significantly higher than those measured in Hanoi urban houses, probably due to the waste processing activities. Daily intake doses of organic pollutants via inhalation were estimated for waste processing workers and urban residents. This study shall provide preliminary data on the environmental occurrence, potential emission sources, and effects of multiple classes of organic pollutants in urban and waste processing areas in northern Vietnam.
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•942 organic micro-pollutants were screened in air samples from northern Vietnam.•A total of 167 organic micro-pollutants were detected.•Concentrations of organic micro-pollutants were the highest in an urban area.•Phthalate esters and phenolic antioxidants were found at elevated levels.•PAHs and pesticides were more abundant at waste processing sites than urban area.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Contamination status of 942 organic micro-pollutants was examined for settled dust samples collected from an informal end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling site and an urban area in northern Vietnam. ...One hundred and ninety-five contaminants including 73 domestic chemicals, 79 industrial chemicals and 43 pesticides were detected at least once in our samples. Total concentrations (median and range) of organic pollutants in dusts from ELV site and Hanoi urban area were 20,000 (5600–93,000) and 21,000 (12,000–26,000) ng g
−1
, respectively. Pyrethroid insecticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and plasticizers were the major contributors to the overall contamination levels. Concentrations of some specific chemical classes such as petroleum alkanes, PAHs, heat storage and transfer agents, and compounds leached from tires in dusts from the recycling area were significantly higher than those from the urban area, suggesting their emission during ELV dismantling and stockpiling processes. Human exposures to selected organic pollutants were also estimated by calculating daily intake doses to evaluate their hazard quotients (HQs). Although almost HQs were markedly lower than the critical value of 1, potential health risk caused by multiple organic contaminants via dust ingestion and other exposure pathways should be considered in future studies.
