Truffles are underground edible fungi that grow symbiotically with plant roots. They have been globally considered as one of the most expensive foods because of their rarity, unique aroma, and high ...nutritional value as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, hepatoprotective, anti-mutagenic, antituberculoid immunomodulatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, and aphrodisiac. The unique flavor and fragrance of truffles is one of the main reasons to get worldwide attraction as a food product. So, the aim of this review was to summarize the relevant literature with particular attention to the active aroma components as well as the various sample preparation and analytical techniques used to identify them. The major analytical methods used for the determination of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in truffles are gas chromatography (GC), proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), and electronic nose sensing (EN). In addition, factors influencing truffle aroma are also highlighted. For this reason, this review can be considered a good reference for research concerning aroma profiles of different species of truffles to deepen the knowledge about a complex odor of various truffles.
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Espresso coffee (EC) is a common coffee preparation technique that nowadays is broadly widespread all over the globe. Its popularity is in part attributed to the intense aroma and pleasant flavor. ...Many researchers have studied and reviewed the aroma of the coffee, but there is a lack of specific review focused on EC aroma profile even if it is intensively investigated. Thus, the objective of the current review was to summarize the aroma profile of EC and how different preparation variables can affect EC flavor. Moreover, a collection of diverse analytical procedures for volatile analysis was also reported. The findings of this survey showed that the volatile fraction of EC is extremely complex, but just some compounds are responsible for the characteristic aroma of the coffee, such as some aldehyde, ketones, furanones, furans, sulfur compounds, pyrazines, etc. In addition, during preparation, some variables, e.g., temperature and pressure of water, granulometry of the coffee particle, and brew ratio, can also modify the aroma profile of this beverage, and therefore its quality. A better understanding of the aroma fraction of EC and how the preparation variables should be adjusted according to desired EC would assist coffee workers in obtaining a higher quality product.
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The aim of this research was to develop innovative cheeses fortified with vitamin D3 (VD3). Formulation studies and analyses of textural properties and chemicals were carried out for these ...developments. Two traditional Italian varieties of cheese (giuncata and burrata) were studied. For giuncata, the fortification of milk for cheese production provided a VD
retention level of 43.9 ± 0.6% in the food matrix. For burrata, the VD
ingredient was incorporated into the creamy inner part after mixing, maintaining the textural quality of the product (adhesiveness 4.3 ± 0.4 J × 10
; firmness 0.7 ± 0.0 N; and cohesiveness 0.8 ± 0.2). The optimized enrichment designs allowed to obtain homogenous contents of VD
during the production of giuncata (0.48 ± 0.01 µg/g) and burrata cheeses (0.32 ± 0.02 µg/g). Moreover, analyses revealed the high stability of VD
during the storage of the two fortified cheese types (2 weeks, 4 °C). These fortification designs could be implemented at an industrial scale to obtain new cheese types enriched in VD
and thus contribute to the reduction in VD deficiency prevalence.
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Plasma activated water (PAW) has proven to be a promising alternative for the decontamination of rocket leaves. The impact of PAW on the volatile profile, phytosterols, and pigment content of rocket ...leaves was studied. Leaves were treated by PAW at different times (2, 5, 10, and 20 min). Compounds of the headspace were detected and quantified using GC-MS analysis. A total of 52 volatile organic compounds of different chemical classes were identified. Glucosinolate hydrolysis products are the major chemical class. PAW application induced some chemical modifications in the volatile compounds. Changes in the content of the major compounds varied with the increase or decrease in the treatment time. However, PAW-10 and -2 were grouped closely to the control. A significant decrease in the content of β-sitosterol and campesterol was observed after PAW treatment, except for PAW-10, which showed a non-significant reduction in both compounds. A significant increase in β carotene, luteolin, and chlorophyll b was observed after the shortest treatment time of PAW-2. A reduction in chlorophyll content was also observed, which is significant only at longer treatment, or PAW-20. Overall, PAW has proven to be a safe alternative for rocket decontamination.
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New hydrophobic derivatives of cinnamic and hydroxycinnamic (ferulic and cumaric) acids obtained by chemical esterification of the carboxylic group with C10 linear alcohol were studied to evaluate ...their antioxidant capacity toward the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in physiological buffer and in extra-virgin olive oil (EVO) or
oils. Results showed that cumaric and ferulic acids have higher antioxidants activity against superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide than the other compounds. Cumaric acid and its C10-ester derivative were selected to be incorporated into EVO or
oil-based emulsions. The prepared emulsions had a comparable particle size distribution (in the range of 3-4 µm) and physical stability at least up to three months.
oil-based emulsions loaded with cumaric acid or its C10-ester showed a higher capacity to scavenger superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide than EVO oil-based emulsions. In conclusion, cumaric acid or its C10-ester could promote the antioxidant properties of
oil when formulated as emulsions.
Green coffee (Coffee arabica and Coffee robusta) is one of the most commonly traded goods globally. Their beans are enriched with polyphenols and numerous health benefits are associated with their ...consumption. The main aim of this work was to develop a new and fast analytical HPLC-MS/MS method to simultaneously determine six flavonoid polyphenolic compounds (quercetin, rutin, isorhamnetin, quercetin-3-glucouronide, hyperoside, and quercitrin) in 22 green coffee samples from six different geographical origins (Ethiopia, Brazil, Guatemala, Nicaragua, India and Colombia). In addition, by adjusting pH, temperature, solvent type, and extraction duration, several extraction methods such as acidic and alkaline hydrolysis, and extraction without hydrolysis were evaluated. The optimal extraction procedure in terms of recovery percentages (78.67–94.09%)was acidic hydrolysis at pH 2, extraction temperature of 60 °C, extraction solvent of 70% ethanol, and extraction duration of 1.5 h. Hyperoside (878–75 μg/kg) was the most abundant compound followed by quercitrin (408–38 μg/kg), quercetin (300–36 μg/kg), rutin (238–21 μg/kg), and quercetin-3-glucouronide (225–7 μg/kg), while isorhamnetin (34–3 μg/kg) showed the lowest amount. Overall, green coffee beans are rich in flavonoid polyphenolic compounds and could be used as part of a healthy diet.
Alopecia is a pathological and multifactorial condition characterised by an altered hair growth cycle and ascribed to different pathogenic causes. Cell energetic imbalances in hair follicles ...occurring in this disorder could lead to the production of some “metabolic wastes”, including squalene and lactic acid, which could be involved in the clinically observed sheath damage. The aim of this work was the extraction and analytical quantification of squalene and lactic acid from hair bulbs of subjects with clinical alopecia in comparison with controls, using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS techniques. The analytical quantification was performed after a preliminary observation through a polarised optical microscope to assess sheath damage and morphological alterations in the cases group. A significantly larger amount of squalene was quantified only in subjects affected by alopecia (n = 31) and with evident damage to hair sheaths. For lactic acid, no statistically significant differences were found between cases (n = 21) and controls (n = 21) under the experimental conditions used. Therefore, the obtained results suggest that squalene can represent a metabolic and a pathogenic marker for some alopecia conditions.
•Simultaneous determination of 18 bioactive by using UHPLC–MS/MS triple quadrupole.•Plants by-products are promising sources of bioactive compounds.•By-product extract showed synergistic effects with ...nerve growth factor (NGF).•Bitter liqueur by-products can be used in food, pharmaceutics and cosmetics.
The exploitation of plant by products is particularly important for the industries that produce bitter liqueurs, being the subsequent disposal very expensive. In fact, these wastes can be considered a good source of bioactive compounds that can be recycled due to favourable nutritional or biological properties. A new, sensitive and reliable HPLC–MS/MS method was described for the first time for the simultaneous determination of 18 bioactive compounds in the by-product of a bitter liqueur, which is particularly rich in gentiopicroside. Moreover, the waste extracts showed no cytotoxic activities against human fibroblasts (A549). The scavenging activity of ethanol:ethyl acetate (1:1) extract of the waste (S2, IC50=3.47μg/ml) was particularly high, together with its total phenolic content. Finally, this by-product extract showed synergistic effects with nerve growth factor (NGF) by inducing proliferation and differentiation of rat pheochromacytoma (PC12 Adh) cells. Results showed that by-products obtained during bitter liqueurs production represent a source of valuable bioactive compounds to be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.
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•Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for odour and taste of food.•Specific VOCs might give an indication about meat quality and freshness.•A new HS-SPME-GC-MS was ...developed to quantify 15 potential markers of shelf-life.•All compounds quantified can be considered shelf-life markers for 2 types of meat.•7 VOCs can be considered markers of shelf-life for 4 types of meat products.
Nowadays, it is important to monitor the freshness of meat during storage to protect consumers’ health. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for odour and taste of food, and they give an indication about meat quality and freshness. This study had the aim to seek and select potential new markers of meat spoilage through a semi-quantitative analysis in five types of meat (beef, raw and baked ham, pork sausage and chicken) and then to develop a new quantitative analytical method to detect and quantify potential markers on five types of meat simultaneously. Firstly, a new headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS) method was developed to evaluate the volatile profile of five types of meat, preserved at 4 °C for 5 days. Among the 40 compounds identified, 15 were chosen and selected as potential shelf-life markers on the basis of their presence in most of meat samples or/and for their constant increasing/decreasing trend within the sample. Afterwards, a quantitative HS-SPME-GC–MS analytical method was developed to confirm which VOCs can be considered markers of shelf-life for these meat products, stored at 4 °C for 12 days. Some of the compounds analyzed attracted attention as they can be considered markers of shelf-life for at least 4 types of meat: 1-butanol, 3-methylbutanol, 1-hexanol, 2-nonanone, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol and linalool. In conclusion, in this study a new quantitative HS-SPME-GC–MS analytical method to quantity 15 VOCs in five types of meat was developed and it was demonstrated that some of the compounds quantified can be considered markers of shelf-life for some of the meat products analyzed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Spent coffee ground (SCG) is the remaining residue produced after extraction of coffee, and it is considered a source of unextracted bioactive compounds. For this, in the latest years, the attention ...has been focused to innovative reuses that can exploit the potentiality of SCG. Unfortunately, the content of bioactive compounds has not been thoroughly studied yet, and the major of publication has investigated the caffeine and chlorogenic acids levels, total polyphenol contents, and total flavonoid content. Hence, these approaches have determined only an estimation of flavonoids and polyphenols content and lack on single polyphenols investigation. Therefore, the objective of the current work was to provide a deep characterization of bioactive compounds in SCG. For this purpose, a new analytical method for the quantification of 30 molecules, including caffeine, chlorogenic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and secoiridoids, has been developed using high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Moreover, several extraction procedures, that is, liquid–solid extraction assisted and not by ultrasounds, testing diverse solvents, were evaluated. Liquid–solid extraction assisted by sonication, with water/ethanol (30/70, v/v), resulted the best in terms of total bioactive compounds, and, once validated, the new analytical method was applied to five different espresso SCG samples. Data showed that caffeine (means: 1193.886 ± 57.307 mg kg−1) and chlorogenic acids (means of total CQAs: 1705.656 ± 88.694 mg kg−1) were the most abundant compounds in all SCG samples followed by phenolic acids such as caffeic, ferulic, gallic, p‐coumaric, syringic, trans‐cinnamic, and vanillic acid. Moreover, some flavonoids, that is, rutin, cyanidin 3‐glucoside, and quercetin, occurred in almost all samples. This work provided a deepened characterization of bioactive compounds in SCG and can contribute to develop new strategies of reuses.
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