At COP26, India has committed to achieve net zero emissions by 2070. For economy wide net zero, the power system should be first to attain it. This paper explores the role of different technologies, ...CO2 capture and storage (CCS), nuclear, solar PV and thermal, battery storage, pumped storage, hydro etc. along with energy efficiency in doing so by different target years, 2050 and 2060 and their economic implications.
With more intermittent renewables, the issue of balancing hourly demand-supply of both energy and power becomes critical for ensuring the feasibility of a pathway. Hourly availability of different renewable technologies is considered along with hourly variations in electricity demand.
Three scenarios are analysed, Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario assumes current policies to continue, and two Net Zero (NZ) scenarios to achieve net zero emissions by 2050 and 2060.
Solar PV, wind onshore and offshore, battery storage are the dominant technologies in achieving net zero emissions. Solar and wind together contribute 85% and 90% of the total generation capacity in 2050 and 2060, respectively. Dispatchable technologies like Coal plant with CCS and nuclear are also important. Results specify Battery with storage hour specifications (1 h, 2 h etc.), so one can plan storage in details. Decarbonisation has significant additional cost and investment requirement over the Business-As-Usual scenario. Respective additional cumulative investment requirements (2030–60) are about 1.6 trillion USD and 1.4 trillion USD in two NZ scenarios. The required policies and measures are also discussed.
•Developing net zero emissions scenarios for the Indian power system.•MESSAGE modelling of the power system, balancing energy and load for 288 time slices.•Solar PV, wind, battery storage are key technologies to achieve net zero emissions.•Net zero emissions impose large increase in investments and electricity supply costs.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Program trgovine emisijama u Europskoj uniji (EU ETS) službeno je započeo 1. siječnja 2005. EU ETS za sada obuhvaća samo ugljični dioksid kao najvažniji staklenički plin. Osnovni cilj trgovine ...emisijama u EU je ispunjenje preuzetih obveza zemalja članica i EU u pogledu Kyoto protokola. Odluka o pokretanju programa trgovine emisijama donesena je daleko prije stupanja na snagu Kyoto protokola. U članku se navode osnovne zakonske pretpostavke ovog sustava trgovine emisijama te njegovi osnovni mehanizmi, sudionici i očekivanja razvoja tržišta emisijama u budućnosti. Na kraju članka daje se i kratak osvrt na stanje aktivnosti u Hrvatskoj u pogledu Kyoto protokola i trgovine emisijama.
Market coupling with the mechanism of implicit auctions is a new and increasingly employed model of coupling of different national electricity markets, where national market operators remain ...independent legal persons. ERGEG, in its efforts to develop a more integrated European energy market, sees the role of European regional connections as essential for the development of a liberalised market. Building of a common European market in the electricity sector requires a special coherent strategy, considering the characteristics of electricity as a commodity on the market, but also as a physical phenomenon. Consequently, activities are taking place based on a three-fold strategic approach: the first one is a legally binding contract defining key objectives with timeframes, the second one is the selection of a market model deriving from the best practice which will enable regional harmonisation and the third one is establishment of a suitable coordinating and monitoring body.
The key aspects related to security of electricity and natural gas supply in Croatia are analysed in this paper. First, the paper reffers to relevant legal framework, key stakeholders and their ...responsibilities, including public service obligation. Then, it proceeds to current and future generation and network capacities, operational security and balance, and supply business. Finally, two key vulnerability indicators - Energy Intensity and Energy Dependency - are calculated for Croatia and eight comparable EU countries. In this way the authors presented basic aspects and figures of security of supply of these two energy sectors and compared them to characteristic values in EU countries. It represents the basis for quantification of short-term risks of energy supply in Croatia.
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FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Najznačajniji World Energy Council (WEC) projekt u razdoblju od 2004. do 2007. godine je studija Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050, na kojem članovi WEC-a i nezavisni stručnjaci rade tri posljednje ...godine, a čiji su rezultati predstavljeni na kongresu u Rimu od 9. do 16. studenog 2007. godine. Energetska budućnost svijeta se promatra po kontinentima, pa je tako i energetska budućnost Europe jedan od podprojekata. Prateći koncept analize energetske budućnosti Europe u Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050 3, u ovom je članku obrađena regija jugoistočne Europe unutar Europe, a koja u spomenutom radu nije posebno promatrana. Razrađen je koncept mogućih scenarija regije, i povezanosti s događanjima u EU i ostalom dijelu Europe. Obzirom da se dijelovi regije znatno razlikuju po gospodarskoj snazi i razvojnom potencijalu, za regiju bi bilo korisno napraviti energetske analize prema razrađenom konceptu scenarija. Za razumijevanje problema i prepoznavanje mogućnosti regije analizirani su glavni energetski pokazatelji, posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na električnu energiju i plin. Dane su preporuke o daljnjim aktivnostima, koje se dijelom odnose i na šire područje Europe.
U radu je obrađena problematika planiranja razvoja energetskog sustava u uvjetima ograničenja koja će proizaći iz globalnih dogovora o očuvanju klime. Analizirani su problemi planiranja, utjecaja ...pojedinih primarnih oblika energije i tehnologija. Osim toga navedeni su rizici, ograničenja i uvjeti planiranja. Prezentirana su pilot istraživanja mogućih posljedica ograničenja razvoja zbog značajnog smanjenja emisija CO2 na strukturu proizvodnje i potrošnje energije. Ukazuje se na značajne strukturne promjene i povećanje troškova.
The syntheses and antiplasmodial activities of various substituted aminoquinolines coupled to an adamantane carrier are described. The compounds exhibited pronounced in vitro and in vivo activity ...against Plasmodium berghei in the Thompson test. Tethering a fluorine atom to the aminoquinoline C(3) position afforded fluoroaminoquinolines that act as intrahepatocytic parasite inhibitors, with compound 25 having an IC50 = 0.31 μM and reducing the liver load in mice by up to 92% at 80 mg/kg dose. Screening our peroxides as inhibitors of liver stage infection revealed that the tetraoxane pharmacophore itself is also an excellent liver stage P. berghei inhibitor (78: IC50 = 0.33 μM). Up to 91% reduction of the parasite liver load in mice was achieved at 100 mg/kg. Examination of tetraoxane 78 against the transgenic 3D7 strain expressing luciferase under a gametocyte-specific promoter revealed its activity against stage IV–V Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes (IC50 = 1.16 ± 0.37 μM). To the best of our knowledge, compounds 25 and 78 are the first examples of either an 4-aminoquinoline or a tetraoxane liver stage inhibitors.
The problems of waste management have become increasingly complex in recent decades. The increasing amount of generated waste, adopted legislation in the field of waste management, administrative ...issues, economic impacts and social awareness are important drivers in achieving a sustainable waste management system. However, in practice, there are many other drivers that are often mutually in conflict. The purpose of this research is to define the precise driver and their corresponding sub-drivers, which are relevant for developing a waste management system and, on the basis of their importance, to determine which has the predominant influence on the slow development of a waste management system at the national and regional level, within the Republic of Serbia and similar countries of southeast Europe. This research presents two levels of decision making: the first is a pair-wise comparison of the drivers in relation to the goal and the second is a pair-wise comparison of the sub-drivers in relation to the driver and in relation to the goal. Results of performed analyses on the waste management drivers were integrated via the decision-making process supported by an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The final results of this research shows that the Institutional–Administrative driver is the most important for developing a sustainable waste management system.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Decision makers in developing countries are struggling to solve the present problems of solid waste management. Prioritisation and ranking of the most important indicators that influence the waste ...management system is very useful for any decision maker for the future planning and implementation of a sustainable waste management system. The aim of this study is to evaluate key indicators and their related sub-indicators in a group decision-making environment. In order to gain insight into the subject it was necessary to obtain the qualified opinions of decision makers from different countries who understand the situation in the sector of waste management in developing countries. An assessment is performed by 43 decision makers from both developed and developing countries, and the applied methodology is based on a combined use of the analytic hierarchy process, from the multi-criteria decision-making set of tools, and the preferential voting method known as Borda Count, which belongs to social choice theory. Pairwise comparison of indicators is performed with the analytic hierarchy process, and the ranking of indicators once obtained is assessed with Borda Count. Detailed analysis of the final results showed that the Institutional–Administrative indicator was the most important one, with the maximum weight as derived by both groups of decision makers. The results also showed that the combined use of the analytic hierarchy process and Borda Count contributes to the credibility and objectivity of the decision-making process, allowing its use in more complex waste management group decision-making problems to be recommended.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
10.
Neurophysiology of complex spinal cord untethering Sala, Francesco; Tramontano, Vincenzo; Squintani, Giovanna ...
Journal of clinical neurophysiology,
2014-August, Volume:
31, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Surgery of complex spinal dysraphisms can be challenging. A number of surgical maneuvers can place the conus and the cauda equina at risk for neurological injury during cord untethering, and the ...identification of functional neural structures within the lumbosacral region is often not possible solely on the basis of anatomy. Therefore, the assistance of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring can be invaluable during these procedures. We describe the intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring strategy developed at our institution over the past 12 years when dealing with tethered cord surgery. Monitoring and mapping techniques are described, with a focus on the invaluable role played by neurophysiological mapping. This latter, for a neurosurgeon, impacts tethered cord surgery at least as strongly as neurophysiological monitoring. Our results suggest that the combination of monitoring and mapping techniques increases the safety of these procedures, minimizing long-term morbidity and improving the degree of cord untethering.
